Data from xplorer 45 (S 3 -A) instruments have revealed characteristics of magnetospheric storm or substorm time energetic particle enhancements in the inner magnetosphere (L •< 5). The properties of the ion 'nose' structure in the dusk hemisphere are examined in detail. A statistical study of the local time dependence of noses places the highest probability of occurrence around 2000 MLT, but they can be observed even near the noon meridian. It also appears that most noses are not isolated events but will appear on successive passes. A geoelectric field enhancement corresponding to a minimum value of AE of about 205 ¾ seems to be required to convect the particles within the apogee of Explorer 45. The dynamical behavior of the nose characteristics observed along successive orbits is then explained quantitatively by the time-dependent convection theory in a Volland-Stern type geoelectric field (¾ = 2). These calculations of adiabatic charged particle motions are also applied to explain the energy spectra and dispersion in penetration distances for both electrons and ions observed in the postmidnight to morning hours. Finally, useful descriptions are given of the dispersion properties of particles penetrating the inner magnetosphere at all local times as a function of time after a sudden enhancement of the geoelectric field. tions. Also the calculations of motion of charged particles drifting toward the morningside will be compared with observed enhancements of electrons and ions in the postmidnight to morning hours during the development of the main phase. Finally, useful graphs will be presented for all local times showing calculations of the time developing particle penetrations from the tail regions due to a sudden enhancement or modification of the convection electric field.A description of Explorer 45 is given by Longanecker and Hoffman [1973], and the following approximate initial parameters are useful for understanding the figures: apogee of 5.24 Re, orbital period of 7.8 hours, inclination of 3.6 ø , spin period

The characteristic features of the initial enhancement of the storm time ring current particles in the evening hours are consistent with flow patterns resulting from a combination of inward convection, gradient drift, and corotation, which carries plasma sheet protons into low L values near midnight and the higher‐energy proton component into the plasmasphere and through the evening hours. Data from four magnetic storms during the early life of S³‐A (Explorer 45) when the local time of apogee was in the afternoon and evening hours show that protons with lower magnetic moments penetrate deeper into the magnetosphere until a lower limit, determined by the corotation and gradient drift forces, is reached. Such particle motions produce the stable energy‐dependent inner boundary of the ring current protons inside the plasmapause in the dusk sector and also provide the mechanism for energy injection into the ring current region. From the analyses of the pitch angle distributions it is evident that charge exchange and wave‐particle interactions are not the dominant causes of this inner boundary. Observations of plasma sheet protons and electrons at altitudes just beyond the measured plasmapause are also consistent with the resulting flow patterns.

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A new genus of methanogenic bacteria is described. The colonies produced by these bacteria are yellow, circular, and convex with lobate margins; an optical pattern of regular, light and dark striations throughout the colonies is a most unique and distinguishing characteristic. These striations are two cell lengths apart. Cells are gram negative and occur in filaments up t o 100 pm in length. Tufts of polar flagella and a striated cell surface are revealed in electron micrographs; cell ends are blunt, not rounded. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of the type species is 45 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Formate or hydrogen and carbon dioxide serves as a substrate for methane formation and growth; acetate, pyruvate, methanol, ethanol, and benzoate do not. The name MethanospiriZZum is proposed for this new genus of spiral-shaped methanogenic bacteria. The type species, Methanospirilhm hungatii sp. nov., is named in honor of R. E. Hungate. The type strain of M. hungatii is JF1 (ATCC 27890). In 1966, P. H. Smith reported the isolation of a new spiral-shaped me thanogenic bacterium from sewage sludge (8). In the present paper we define the characteristics of and propose a name for this new organism. A report on some of these findings has appeared previously (J. G. Ferry and R. S . Wolfe, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Amer. SOC. Microbiol. 1973, G121, p. 46). MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains. Strain BM was received from Barry C. McBride (University of British Columbia, Vancouver), strain 3-PS was received from Paul H. Smith (University of Florida, Gainesville), and strain JF 1 was isolated in the present study. The inoculum from which each strain was isolated was sewage sludge i 8 , 9 ) .Media. Sterile growth media were prepared, and the organisms were cultivated under a strictly anaerobic (80% H,-20% CO,) atmosphere by a modification of the Hungate technique (4) as described by Bryant and Robinson (3). The maintenance medium contained the following constituents in distilled water a t the indicated final percentage compositions (wt/vol): K, HPO, , 0.023; KH, PO,, 0.023; (NH, ), SO,, 0.023; NaCl, 0.046; MgSO, -7H, 0, 0.009; CaCl, *2H, 0, 0.006; sodium formate, 0.2; yeast extract (Difco), 0.2; Trypticase (BBL), 0.2; resazurin, 0.0001 ; Na, CO, , 0.4; cysteine hydrochloride, 0.025; Na, S*9H2 0, 0.025. In addition, 1% (vol/vol) each of vitamin solution and trace mineral solution were added to the medium (10). Before sterilization, the medium was Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30601. adjusted to pH 7.2 with 1 M HCl. The final pH after sterilization and equilibration with a gas mixture of 80% H, -20% CO, was 7.0. Solid medium for roll-tube cultures and slants was prepared by including Noble agar (Difco) at a final concentration of 2% (wtlvol). Cultures were incubated at 37 C. The liquid benzoateenrichment medium contained the following constituents in distilled water at the indicated final concentration (wt/vol) in percent: sodium benzoate, 0.2; NH,Cl, 0.075; K, HPO, , 0.04; ...