Citation for published item:tmesD F vF nd edmsD gF tF nd folmD gF nd frgD hF nd gollierD F nd pri § s § i¡ D F nd qrepioniD pF nd rrrisD uF hF wF nd ryettD qF nd tonesD F nd uresD eF nd wkD tF nd winiD vF nd yrpenD eF qF nd rkinD sF F nd herouseD F gF nd teedD tF F nd ddellD hF gF @PHIPA 9wehnohemistry X opportunities for new nd lener synthesisF9D ghemil soiety reviewsFD RI @IAF ppF RIQERRUF Further information on publisher's website: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.

This chapter traces the changing scope in the understanding of supramolecular chemistry and its parallel, convergent evolution with nanoscale technology. Starting with the discovery of clathrate hydrates and zeolites in the beginning of the nineteenth century, key milestones such as the realization of the concepts of receptor, binding' and the lock and key model are charted. We look at the birth of the discipline of supramolecular host–guest from macrocylic chemistry and its evolution via self‐assembly into its modern incarnation in the study of modular, pre programmed, and informed matter. We describe how a chemical and molecular approach is fundamental to the understanding of convergent (equilibrium) self‐assembly, emergent features arising from non‐equilibrium systems and nanoscale chemistry.

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Molecular material properties depend upon the contacts between and the arrangement of the component parts, and therefore supramolecular chemistry has developed a highly important role in this area.

The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. This review aims to introduce the chemistry of low dosage inhibitors of clathrate hydrate formation 5 within the context of their role in the oil and gas industry. The review covers both kinetic hydrate inhibitors and anti-agglomerants from the point of view of structure-function relationships, focussing on recent refinements in mechanistic understanding and chemical design, and the consequently evolving and increasingly fine-tuned properties of these fascinating compounds. Clathrate hydrates 10Clathrate hydrates are crystalline, non-stoichiometric host-guest compounds comprising a hydrogen bonded water framework, into which small molecular guest species such as methane are included within cavities formed by the water cages. Because there are no strong directional interactions between guest and host the 15 guests are free to vibrate and rotate but possess limited translational motion. 1 Typically common clathrate hydrates comprise 85 mol% water and 15 mol% guest(s) when all of the cavities are occupied.2 These materials form when the components are subjected to ambient temperatures (generally less 20 than 300 K) and moderate pressures (>0.6 MPa); conditions frequently found in oil and gas pipelines. 3 The initial reporting of gas hydrates is accredited to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1811, who focussed upon the crystallisation 25 of a cold aqueous solution of chlorine (known as oxymuriatic gas at the time). 4 In 1934 a pivotal report by Hammerschmidt acted as a catalyst for stimulating research in this area, by confirming that clathrate hydrates are responsible for the plugging of gas and oil pipelines and thereby dramatically increasing industrial 30 investment and research on the topic. 5 Today clathrate hydrates pose a major problem to the oil and gas industry with pipeline blockage causing many safety concerns in addition to requiring the shutdown of the pipeline for a time 35 whilst the plug is removed. This shutdown period results in reduced field site performance and may cause significant financial loss. Avoidance of pipeline shutdown is a priority to many oil and gas companies, and as such considerable investment is being made into research into clathrate hydrate inhibition to 40 circumvent such potentially catastrophic effects. Problems associated with gas hydrate formation reached the headlines in 2010 due to their destructive effects during BP's efforts to contain the oil spillage after the Deepwater Horizon blowout, thereby illustrating the importance of research in this area. While...

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This highlight gives a brief flavour of the development of gels derived from low molecular weight gelators broadly in the first decade of the 2000's. A particular theme is the emergence of switchable gels and increasing hi-tech niche application areas. Control and exploitation of supramolecular gels forms a huge part of the grand challenge of directed assembly of extended structures with targeted properties.

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