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Lorenzo Kristov is Principal, Market and Infrastructure Policy, at the California Independent System Operator (ISO). He was a lead designer of the ISO's locational market pricing-based spot market system and led the redesign of the ISO's transmission planning and generator interconnection processes to support development of renewable generating facilities to meet California's renewable portfolio standard. He currently focuses on expanding market participation by distributed energy resources and planning for the operational and market impacts of a more decentralized future electric system. DisclaimerThis document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California.Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is an equal opportunity employer. Future Electric Utility Regulation Advisory Group

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Intensive changes in the structure of the grid due to the penetration of new technologies, coupled with changing societal needs are outpacing the capabilities of traditional grid control systems. The gap is widening at an accelerating rate with the biggest impacts occurring at the distribution level due to the widespread adoption of diverse distribution-connected energy resources (DER). 4 This paper outlines the emerging distribution grid control environment, defines the new distribution control problem, and provides a distribution control reference model. The reference model offers a schematic representation of the problem domain to inform development of system architecture and control solutions for the high-DER electric system. 4 For control purposes, DER consists of Distributed Generation, Distributed Storage, and Demand Response.