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Address reprint requests to P. Abrarns, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Tryrn, Bristol BSlO 5NB, England.0 1988 Alan R. Liss, Inc. 404Abramsetal.

The use of urodynamics and transrectal ultrasound should be limited to situations in which the results are likely to benefit the patient such as in selection for surgery. It is emphasized that imaging and endoscopy of the urinary tract have specific indications such as dipstick hematuria. Treatment should be holistic, and may include conservative measures, lifestyle interventions and behavioral modifications as well as medication and surgery. Only treatments with a strong evidence base for their clinical effectiveness should be used.

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