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Posttraumatic stress reactions related to the Madrid March 11, 2004, terrorist attacks were examined in a sample of Madrid residents (N = 503) 18-25 days after the attacks, using multiple diagnostic criteria and different cut-off scores. Based on the symptoms covered by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993), rates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ranged from 3.4% to 13.3%. Taking into account additional criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 200; i.e., the impact of initial reaction and problems in daily functioning as a consequence of the traumatic event), only 1.9% of respondents reported probable PTSD. These results suggest that inferences about the impact of traumatic events on the general population are strongly influenced by the definition of traumatic response. Our findings also revealed that the magnitude of posttraumatic reactions is associated with several risk factors, including living close to the attacked locations, physical proximity to the attacks when they occurred, perception of one's life being at risk, intensity of initial emotional reactions, and being a daily user of the attacked train lines. The use of different cut-off scores did not affect the pattern of risk to develop traumatic stress. The implications of these results for public health policies related to terrorist attacks are discussed. Keywords: Post traumatic stress disorder, trauma, PTSD, acute stress disorder, risk factors, September 11, terrorism Se examinaron reacciones de estrés postraumático, empleando múltiples criterios diagnósticos y puntos de corte, en una muestra de la población de Madrid (N = 503), 18-25 días después de los ataques terroristas de Madrid del 11 de marzo de 2004. En función del punto de corte seleccionado, los porcentajes de probable trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) basado en el Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993) fluctuaban entre el 3,4% y el 13,3%. Al añadir a los síntomas de TEPT otros criterios del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de Trastornos Mentales (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) requeridos para su diagnóstico (p. ej., el impacto de la reacción inicial y problemas en el funcionamiento cotidiano como consecuencia del evento traumático), sólo el 1,9% presentaba un probable TEPT. Estos resultados demuestran que las inferencias acerca del impacto de eventos traumáticos en la población general pueden depender en gran parte de la definición y medida de la respuesta traumática. Nuestros resultados también revelaron que, aunque la magnitud de las reacciones postraumáticas se relacionaba con varios factores de riesgo (vivir cerca de los lugares atacados, proximidad física a los ataques cuando ocurrieron, percepción de amenaza para la propia vida, intensidad de las reacciones emocionales iniciales, y ser un usuario diario de las líneas de trenes atacadas), el uso de diferent...

We wish to thank Nansook Park and Virginia Navascues chapter and Maitane Arnoso for her invaluable help with for their help in translating this the data search.

A participatory research action was undertaken in the two largest shelters established after the earthquakes in El Salvador (2001). One hundred fifteen semi-structured interviews were carried out among refugees, which later formed the basis for a self-managed community plan. Comparisons between the two shelters-which differed primarily in whether the grouping of tents was made to reflect the community of origin of the survivors (shelter Santa Gertrudis) or not (shelter El Cafetalón)-showed that refugees in Santa Gertrudis participated more often in community activities, and had more positive emotional memories, fewer feelings of having been humiliated and less emotional discomfort than refugees in El Cafetalón. The results suggest that forms of organisation and management which consider elements of dignity, participation and respect for the capacity of the victims to control their own lives are relevant factors for effective individual and community coping after a catastrophe.

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Many studies have reported the influence of aging on different portions of the autonomic nervous system components but only partially for the sympathetic cholinergic system. We evaluated postganglionic sudomotor function in 196 healthy subjects, 104 women and 92 men, by determining sweat gland density (SGD) per square centimeter of skin, on the dorsum of the hand and foot, with the impression mold technique. The age range was from 5 to 84 years. A significant decrease of SGD was observed in both hand and foot in relation to age (P < 0.001). The ANOVA analysis of foot data shows that age is the only significant factor for SGD reduction. In the hand, both sex and body surface area are significant covariates with age. The dorsum of the foot is the most appropriate place to examine sweating in studies of aging. The lower normal limits for SGD in the foot are 213/cm2 for subjects younger than 30 years, 199/cm2 for those from 30 to 59 years, and 123/cm2 for subjects over 59 years old.

Documenting torture in children and young adults (ChYA) is a challenge. Less than 3% of academic papers on documentation and rehabilitation of torture victims are focused on children and youth. In the Delphi study on research priorities in the sector (Pérez-Sales, Witcombe, & Otero Oyague, 2017), five lines were proposed regarding torture in children, which covered: developmental disruptions related to the torture of relatives; developmental deficits related to infant torture; the effect on caregivers of torture/kidnapping of their children; the impact of torture on identity and worldviews among adolescents; and transgenerational trauma. The latter was considered among the 40 top research priorities. In this editorial, we briefly review: aspects related to the notion of torture as applied to ChYA; specific ethical problems in forensic documentation; and challenges in consistency statements. By doing so, we aim to outline key challenges that researchers and practitioners ought to pursue.

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