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The ocean, which regulates climate and supports vital ecosystem services, is crucial to our Earth system and livelihoods. Yet, it is threatened by anthropogenic pressures and climate change. A healthy ocean that supports a sustainable ocean economy requires adequate financing vehicles that generate, invest, align, and account for financial capital to achieve sustained ocean health and governance. However, the current finance gap is large; we identify key barriers to financing a sustainable ocean economy and suggest how to mitigate them, to incentivize the kind of public and private investments needed for topnotch science and management in support of a sustainable ocean economy.

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The extensive oil spill (> 2,900 km) that occurred in the southwestern Atlantic (2019/2020) increased the vulnerability of the Brazilian coast, affecting marine and coastal protected areas (MPAs). In addition to supporting conservation, MPAs are sustainably used by local populations to help maintain ocean-dependent livelihoods. In this sense, we aim to assess the socioeconomic vulnerability of human communities in MPAs affected by this major oil spill. Using digital mapping, we assessed the socioeconomic vulnerability of 68 human communities living in or near 60 MPAs of different categories that were impacted by this spill. This is the first assessment of the vulnerability status of human populations under significant levels of poverty and social inequality, which are particularly dependent on healthy and effective Brazilian MPAs. More than 6,500 enterprises and institutions were mapped, including trade activities, services, tourism, and leisure venues. Most enterprises (34.4%) were involved in the food sector, related to the ocean economy, and, therefore, highly vulnerable to oil spills. Furthermore, the majority (79.3%) of the vulnerable activities are concentrated in multiple-use MPAs, with extractive reserves coming second and accounting for 18%. This result shows the high vulnerability of this tropical coast to oil accidents and the risks to food security for traditional communities. We also found a heterogeneous vulnerability indicator along the coast, with the most vulnerable regions having an undiversified economic matrix heavily dependent on activities such as fishing, family farming, tourism, accommodation, and the food sector. Thus, this study provides a tool to help prevent and mitigate economic losses and increases the understanding of the weaknesses of MPAs in the face of large-scale disasters, thus helping to build socioeconomic and ecological resilience.

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Administrativas e Contábeis, pelo amplo apoio para a realização do Curso.

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Resumo: Com o presente trabalho teve-se como objetivo analisar o impacto da expansão do setor naval em razão do Programa de Mobilização da Indústria Nacional de Petróleo e Gás Natural (Prominp) no Brasil, instituído em 2003, sobre a arrecadação de impostos dos municípios afetados pela política, tendo como foco de análise o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, onde os investimentos no setor se intensificaram a partir de 2006. Tem-se então, um painel de dados em nível municipal com as variáveis de interesse para o período de 2000 a 2012. O método utilizado para avaliar o impacto foi o de diferenças em diferenças com efeito fixo de município. Os resultados encontrados, ao considerar o principal grupo de controle da análise, o Conselho Regional de Desenvolvimento da Região Sul (Corede Sul), mostram que a expansão do setor naval impactou de forma positiva a arrecadação do Imposto Predial e Territorial Urbano (IPTU) e do Imposto sobre a Propriedade de Veículos Automotores (IPVA), tendo este, no ano 2006, um aumento de 25,8% e 30,8%, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: Setor Naval. Política Pública. Tributação. Diferenças em Diferenças. Effect of the Policy of Mobilization of the Naval Sector in Rio Grande do Sul: an analysis on the municipal collection  Abstract: This study aims to analyze the impact of the expansion of naval sector due to Programa de Mobilização da Indústria Nacional de Petróleo e Gás Natural (Prominp) in Brazil, established in 2003, on the collection of taxes from the municipalities that received the intervention, focusing on the analysis for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where the investments in the sector increase from 2006. Has a panel of municipal-level data with the variables of interest for the period 2000 to 2012. The method used to measure this impact was the differences in differences with fixed effect of municipalities. The results, considering the main control group analysis, Conselho Regional de Desenvolvimento da Região Sul (Corede Sul), show that the expansion of naval sector positively impacted, in 2006, the collection of the Urban Land and Territorial Tax (IPTU) and Property Tax on Motor Vehicles (IPVA) in 25.8% and 30.8%, respectively.Keywords: Naval Sector. Public Policy. Taxation. Differences in Differences.