Communication dynamics within the business world dictate that the formality of interaction between supervisor and subordinate is determined by the supervisor. The present study investigates the influence of negotiated formality and closeness via supervisor-subordinate solidarity on subordinates' burnout, motivation, and job satisfaction. An online questionnaire was administered to subjects across various occupations and organizations in the United States. The data are consistent with a mediated model in which job satisfaction mediates the relationships between solidarity-motivation and solidarity-burnout. These results are novel in that, first, job satisfaction is identified as an input of motivation and burnout rather than outputs of a shared induction, And, second, the results place renewed emphasis on the role of supervisor communication in the workplace as subordinates are unable to initiate solidarity.The present study seeks to investigate a unique form of rapport in the workplace via communication: interpersonal solidarity. Interpersonal solidarity is both the perceived synchronicity and closeness established through communication in a relationship

Given the expanding globalized workforce, business educators continue to seek new ways to prepare students for intercultural encounters. Although immersion in other cultures is the optimal strategy, this method is not always feasible. As such, educators seek other mechanisms to simulate intercultural experiences. This study examines emotional intelligence as a predictor of intercultural communication apprehension among university students ( N = 425). Results indicate that three of the emotional intelligence subscales predict intercultural communication apprehension: emotionality, sociability, and self-control. These results support the premise that emotional intelligence manages and/or reduces intercultural communication apprehension and therefore should be integrated in business curriculum.

Leadership styles that promote upward and downward communication have been shown to foster a plethora of positive outcomes within the workplace, group collaborations, and team contexts. Similarly, supervisor-subordinate solidarity communication has been related to desirable workplace outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate leadership styles as related to solidarity communication. The authoritarian leadership style was associated with the lowest solidarity and consistently yielded the least job satisfaction and highest burnout in subordinates. Furthermore, subordinates with authoritarian leaders did not fit the supervisor-subordinate solidarity model. A more nuanced explanation of leadership communication as related to solidarity is discussed.

The research discussed here explores the sexual behavior of two hundred and twenty-eight heavy users of cocaine. Intensive, face-to-face, tape-recorded interviews with each user uncovered some interesting differences in sexuality among various user groups. Far example, male users were found to have greater levels of sexual enhancement from cocaine, than were female users. Another finding was that freebasers and snorters of the drug had similar levels of sexual impairment, while injectors experienced far worse levels of sexual dysfunction. The widespread mythology that cocaine is always a sexual aphrodisiac was certainly not confirmed by this research effort. It was found that there were a myriad of responses to the same dosage level of cocaine, depending, in part, upon the setting of the usage, as well as the background experiences of the user.

Technology offers new and innovative ways to deliver learning such as the Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). The MOOC offers institutes of higher education a potential delivery method for delivering online learning. This study utilized a qualitative method to gather and analyze an active observer's experience within a MOOC. The results aligned with the current literature, demonstrating that MOOCs have potential as an educational tool, but careful consideration should be placed in what a participant values and finds worthwhile. Findings indicate that creating a worthwhile experience includes consideration of time constraints, consistence in delivery, and audience analysis.

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Questionnaires from 1,517 respondents were obtained by means of both a convenience and a snowball sample. 1,091 (72%) respondents had used cocaine at least once, while 426 (28%) had never used it. The data from this information about criminal cocaine use have been used to test the efficacy of two competing theoretical models of delinquent or criminal behavior, differential association and control theory. Both tabular and multiple regression techniques were used to analyze the cause of the respon dents' cocaine use. Differential association theory variables were found to be far more effective than control theory variables in explaining the use of cocaine.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of supervisors' immediate behaviors and solidarity on subordinates' loyalty, obedience, and participation (i.e., organizational citizenship behaviors). A model was predicted in which supervisors' immediate behaviors and solidarity indirectly induced subordinates' organizational citizenship behaviors through the mediation of perceived immediacy. Methods: Electronic questionnaires were disseminated through social media. A total of 228 participants completed the questionnaire, representing a variety of occupations and supervisor communicative styles. Results: Each unidimensional measurement model was first subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The relationships between all variables were tested through Pearson correlations and were found to be both statistically significant and positive. Then, the data were analyzed through structural equation modeling. The data supported a path model in which perceived immediacy mediated supervisors' solidarity and immediate behaviors as influence of subordinates' loyalty. The mediation paths, however, were not supported for participation and obedience. Conclusions: It is speculated that mediation was not observed in the obedience and participation paths because not engaging in these two organizational citizenship behaviors can have indirect consequences for subordinates, whereas loyalty is truly altruistic. It was concluded that supervisor solidarity and immediate behaviors can be practiced and refined to enhance the workplace climate, increasing loyalty in subordinates.