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Superficial keratectomy with MMC appears to be a valid and safe method for treating and preventing the recurrence of Salzmann's nodular degeneration.

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We report the second known case of acute angle-closure glaucoma from vitreous prolapse after neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser posterior capsulotomy in a patient with a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL). This is the first reported case to result in corneal decompensation that required penetrating keratoplasty. The rare complication of vitreous prolapse was unusual in this patient because of the presence of a posterior chamber IOL, a small 4.0 mm capsulotomy opening, and low (26 mJ) Nd:YAG laser energy.

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Background Cognitive and implicit biases negatively impact clinicians’ decision-making capacity and can have devastating consequences for safe, effective, and equitable healthcare provision. Internationally, health care clinicians play a critical role in identifying and overcoming these biases. To be workforce ready, it is important that educators proactively prepare all pre-registration healthcare students for real world practice. However, it is unknown how and to what extent health professional educators incorporate bias training into curricula. To address this gap, this scoping review aims to explore what approaches to teaching cognitive and implicit bias, for entry to practice students, have been studied, and what are the evidence gaps that remain. Methods This scoping review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. Databases were searched in May 2022 and included CINAHL, Cochrane, JBI, Medline, ERIC, Embase, and PsycINFO. The Population, Concept and Context framework was used to guide keyword and index terms used for search criteria and data extraction by two independent reviewers. Quantitative and qualitative studies published in English exploring pedagogical approaches and/or educational techniques, strategies, teaching tools to reduce the influence of bias in health clinicians' decision making were sought to be included in this review. Results are presented numerically and thematically in a table accompanied by a narrative summary. Results Of the 732 articles identified, 13 met the aim of this study. Most publications originated from the United States (n=9). Educational practice in medicine accounted for most studies (n=8), followed by nursing and midwifery (n=2). A guiding philosophy or conceptual framework for content development was not indicated in most papers. Educational content was mainly provided via face-to-face (lecture/tutorial) delivery (n=10). Reflection was the most common strategy used for assessment of learning (n=6). Cognitive biases were mainly taught in a single session (n=5); implicit biases were taught via a mix of single (n=4) and multiple sessions (n=4). Conclusions A range of pedagogical strategies were employed; most commonly, these were face-to-face, class-based activities such as lectures and tutorials. Assessments of student learning were primarily based on tests and personal reflection. There was limited use of real-world settings to educate students about or build skills in biases and their mitigation. There may be a valuable opportunity in exploring approaches to building these skills in the real-world settings that will be the workplaces of our future healthcare workers.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to document the learning curve and evaluate the success of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) performed by fellows in a Cornea/External Disease and Refractive fellowship program. METHODS: Two surgeons performed LASIK within a fellowship training program between July 2000 and August 2001. A retrospective review was conducted to determine the visual outcomes and operative complications from this non-comparative case series of 755 consecutive eyes. All LASIK procedures were performed using a Bausch & Lomb Technolas 217A laser and the Bausch & Lomb Hansatome or the Automated Corneal Shaper microkeratome. All eyes were evaluated for operative complications. Visual acuity was reported with a minimum of 1 month follow-up. RESULTS: Data analysis revealed that uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better was attained in 99.4% of treated eyes, and 20/20 or better in 77.2%. With both eyes open, 100% of patients saw 20/30 or better, 94% saw 20/20 or better, 70% saw 20/15 or better, and 5.5% saw 20/10. Flap related complications occurred in 7 of 755 eyes (0.9%) and all were successfully treated. Forty-two eyes (5.6%) were lost to follow-up prior to the 1-month examination and were excluded from analysis of visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Favorable operative and visual acuity 1-month results in 755 eyes after LASIK with the Bausch & Lomb Techno las 217A laser were in part due to a well organized system of education, patient examination, execution of surgery, and postoperative care. A team approach was essential. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:265-269]

We would like to thank the Children's Surgical Centre for their help in this research, especially the ENT surgeons and Audiology technicians for their tireless contributions to their patients. TA B L E 1 Details of surgical procedureVariable Value (n [%]) Anaesthesia General 425 (99.1) Local 4 (0.9) Material Cartilage 8 (1.9) Composite 304 (70.9) Perichondrium 75 (17.5) Temporalis Fascia 42 (9.8) Approach Endaural 15 (3.5) Postaural 414 (96.5) Technique Underlay 423 (98.6) With anterior tuck 309 (72.0) Overlay 2 (0.5) Push-through 4 (0.9)The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.