No abstract

No abstract

ABSTRACT. The objective of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of young and mature leaves from Sapindus saponaria on diaspore germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and morningglory (Ipomoea grandifolia). The aqueous extract was prepared in a proportion of 100 g of dried, ground leaves dissolved in 1000 mL of distilled water, resulting in a 10% extract concentrate. Dilutions of this concentrate were made with distilled water to 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5%. In seedling growth tests, we compared the effect of these extracts with the herbicide nicosulfuron. Both extracts of mature and young leaves caused delays and reductions in diaspore germination and seedling length of barnyardgrass and morningglory, with the most intense effects observed at a concentration of 10%. The effects of the young leaf extract were more similar to those observed with the herbicide, demonstrating that leaf maturation stage of S. saponaria affects its inhibitory effects on the growth of other plants and that this species is effective in controlling weeds.Keywords: allelopathy, Echinochloa crus-galli, Ipomoea grandifolia, soapberry. Potencial alelopático de folhas de Sapindus saponaria L. no controle de plantas daninhasRESUMO. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de folhas jovens e maduras de Sapindus saponaria (sabão-de-soldado) na germinação de diásporos e no crescimento de plântulas de capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli) e corda-de-viola (Ipomoea grandifolia). O extrato aquoso foi preparado na proporção de 100 g de folhas secas e trituradas dissolvidas em 1000 mL de água destilada, produzindo-se o extrato considerado concentrado (10%). A partir deste, foram feitas diluições em água destilada para 7,5; 5,0 e 2,5%. No teste de crescimento de plântulas comparou-se o efeito desses extratos com o herbicida nicosulfuron. Os extratos de folhas maduras e jovens causaram atraso e redução na germinação dos diásporos e no comprimento das plântulas de capim-arroz e corda-de-viola, com efeitos mais intensos na concentração de 10%. No entanto, os resultados obtidos pelo extrato de folhas jovens foram mais similares ao efeito do herbicida, mostrando que o estágio de maturação da folha de S. saponaria interfere nos seus efeitos inibitórios e que esta espécie é eficiente no controle das plantas daninhas.

RESUMO -O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de frutos de Sapindus saponaria (sabão-de-soldado) na germinação de diásporos e na morfologia de plântulas de Lactuca sativa (alface), Allium cepa (cebola), Echinochloa crus-galli (capim-arroz) e Ipomoea grandifolia (corda-de-viola). O extrato aquoso dos frutos foi preparado na proporção de 100 g de material vegetal fresco para 1.000 mL de água destilada, produzindo-se a concentração de 10%. A partir dele, foram feitas diluições em água destilada para 7,5, 5,0 e 2,5%. O extrato do fruto Sapindus saponaria evidenciou potencialidades alelopáticas tanto sobre as espécies de hortaliças quanto sobre as de plantas daninhas. O efeito inibitório sobre o processo de germinação dos diásporos e morfologia das plântulas de alface, cebola, capim-arroz e corda-de-viola foi dependente da concentração. Os resultados mostram o potencial do extrato proveniente dos frutos de Sapindus saponaria como um herbicida a ser utilizado em práticas de agricultura sustentável.Palavras-chave: alelopatia, Allium cepa, Echinochloa crus-galli, Ipomoea grandifolia, Lactuca sativa, sabão-desoldado.ABSTRACT -The aim of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic potential of the aqueous extract of Sapindus saponaria (soapberry) fruit on seed germination and seedling morphology of Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Allium cepa (onion), Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass), and Ipomoea grandifolia (morningglory). The aqueous extract of the fruit was prepared using 100 g of fresh plant material dissolved in 1,000 mL of distilled water, resulting in 10% concentration. The dilutions were made with distilled water to 7.5, 5.0, and 2.5%. The Sapindus saponaria fruit extract showed allelopathic potential on the vegetable and weed species. The inhibitory effect on the seed germination process and seedling morphology of lettuce, onion, barnyard grass, and morningglory was concentration dependent. The results showed the potential use of the Sapindus saponaria fruit extract as herbicide in sustainable agricultural practices.

-(Allelopathic interference of Sapindus saponaria root and mature leaf aqueous extracts on diaspore germination and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa). Sapindus saponaria (soapberry) is a species that presents a great diversity of chemical compounds, such as saponins; however, few studies have examined the allelopathic effect of this species. Therefore, this study provides an evaluation of the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of the roots and mature leaves of S. saponaria on the germination of diaspores and seedlings growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and onion (Allium cepa). The aqueous extract was prepared in the proportion of 100 g of dry plant material in 1,000 mL of distilled water (a concentration of 10% w v -1 ), and diluted with distilled water to 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5% concentrations. The mature leaf extracts caused delay and decrease in the germination process of the lettuce and onion diaspores, with inhibitory effect concentration-dependent, while the root extracts showed no allelopathic effects on the germination process. Both extracts caused abnormalities and inhibited the growth of shoot and root seedlings.

ABSTRACT:The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic activity of aqueous extracts from mature leaves, stem bark and roots of Drimys brasiliensis Miers on germination and initial seedling development of two target species, Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) and Raphanus sativus L. (radish). The aqueous extract was prepared in a proportion of 10 g of plant powder, dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water, resulting in a 10% extract concentrate. Dilutions were made with distilled water to 7.5; 5.0; 2.5% and 0% (control). Germination and seedling growth bioassays were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions. The different plant parts exerted inhibitory effects on germination and early growth of wheat and radish, however, the extract obtained from the leaves was more effective in inhibiting the germination of radish. All plant parts of D. brasiliensis may constitute a promising source in the search for compounds capable of acting as natural phytotoxins.

Th e aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic potential of aqueous extract of young leaves of Sapindus saponaria L. (soapberry) on the diaspore germination and seedling growth Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Allium cepa L. (onion), as well as to determine, by bioassay-guided fractioning, whether the fractionated extracts of those leaves are phytotoxic to Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) coleoptiles. Th e aqueous extract was prepared using 100 g of dried plant material dissolved in 1000 ml of distilled water, resulting in a concentration of 10.0%. Distilled water was added in order to obtain dilutions of 7.5%, 5.0%, and 2.5%. Th e extraction was carried out with young leaves (in powder form) and organic solvents of various polarities. We fractioned the ethyl acetate extract using column chromatography. Th e phytotoxic potential of the aqueous extract of young leaves S. saponaria varied according to the receiving species and the concentration-dependent inhibitory eff ect. Th e ethyl acetate extract, specifi cally fraction 6 (57-70), had the greatest inhibitory eff ect on the elongation of wheat coleoptiles, indicating that the compounds responsible for the phytotoxic eff ect reside within this fraction.

-The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Serjania lethalis leaves and stems on the diaspore germination and seedling growth of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The crude ethanolic extract was prepared from 100 g of dry plant material dissolved in 500 ml of ethanol. The extracts were solubilized in a buffer solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at concentrations of 10.0, 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5 mg mL -1 . The effect of these extracts was compared with herbicide oxyfluorfen in bioassays. The ethanolic extracts of S. lethalis leaves and stems inhibited the germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass and wild poinsettia in a concentration-dependent manner. The reduction in the root length of E. heterophylla seedlings might be attributed to the reduced elongation of metaxylem cells. The phytotoxicity of the extracts ranged according to the receptor species, and for some variables, the inhibitory effect was similar, and even superior, to that of the commercial herbicide. Thus, S. lethalis extracts might be a promising alternative for sustainable weed management.