Social and environmental ratings provided by social rating agencies are multidimensional. Using the six sub-ratings provided by the Vigeo rating agency, we perform a principal component analysis and we highlight three main socially responsible (SR) dimensions related to (1) the direct non-financial stakeholders (employee, customers and suppliers), (2) the indirect stakeholders (environment and society) and (3) the financial stakeholders (stockholders and debt holders).We explore the link between stock returns and these three SR dimensions. Our main result is that, for each SR dimension, investors ask for an additional risk premium when they decide to hold non SR stocks. The cost of equity is thus lower for socially responsible firms. The average premium over the period 2003-2010 is larger for the components "direct non-financial stakeholders" and "financial stakeholders" than for the component "indirect stakeholders". For this last component, the premium obviously exists only since the end of 2008. Environment and community involvement have only recently become a more important risk factor in investors' minds. About the former risk premia ("direct non-financial stakeholders" and "financial stakeholders"), investors appear to penalize firms with the worst behavior in respect to their direct non-financial stakeholders and reward firms with good corporate governance practices
Social and environmental ratings provided by social rating agencies are multidimensional. Using the six sub-ratings provided by the Vigeo rating agency, we perform a principal component analysis and we highlight three main socially responsible (SR) dimensions related to (1) the direct non-financial stakeholders (employee, customers and suppliers), (2) the indirect stakeholders (environment and society) and (3) the financial stakeholders (stockholders and debt holders).We explore the link between stock returns and these three SR dimensions. Our main result is that, for each SR dimension, investors ask for an additional risk premium when they decide to hold non SR stocks. The cost of equity is thus lower for socially responsible firms. The average premium over the period 2003-2010 is larger for the components "direct non-financial stakeholders" and "financial stakeholders" than for the component "indirect stakeholders". For this last component, the premium obviously exists only since the end of 2008. Environment and community involvement have only recently become a more important risk factor in investors' minds. About the former risk premia ("direct non-financial stakeholders" and "financial stakeholders"), investors appear to penalize firms with the worst behavior in respect to their direct non-financial stakeholders and reward firms with good corporate governance practices
O objetivo deste artigo foi construir um índice para medir a qualidade da governança das empresas brasileiras e validá-lo, mediante confronto com indicadores da confiança dos investidores quanto à boa gestão dos seus fundos pelas empresas. Esse índice foi composto pelos critérios de eficiência de um conjunto de mecanismos de redução dos problemas de agência, integrantes das dimensões: composição do Conselho de Administração, estrutura de propriedade e de controle, modalidades de incentivo aos administradores, proteção dos acionistas minoritários e transparência das informações publicadas. Ele foi, em seguida, validado, em uma amostra de empresas com ações negociadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa) entre 1997 e 2006, mediante o confronto com indicadores que refletem a confiança dos investidores quanto à boa governança dos seus recursos pelas empresas como a performance financeira das empresas. O índice de governança foi obtido mediante a técnica de componentes principais, o que consistiu em calcular a média ponderada de todos os componentes gerados, sendo as ponderações representadas pelas suas respectivas variâncias. A análise do comportamento desse índice revelou uma tendência efetiva de incremento na qualidade da governança das empresas brasileiras no período estudado. Em termos de validação externa, os resultados mostraram uma associação positiva e significativa entre o índice de governança e o Q de Tobin. Melhor ainda, eles revelaram um relacionamento inverso e significativo entre a taxa de retorno ajustada ao risco das ações e o índice de governança. Todas essas relações atestam que a confiança do mercado associa-se, fortemente, à qualidade da governança expressa pelo índice. De maneira geral, a análise empírica valida em grande parte o índice de governança proposto. A boa governança possui, portanto, um valor para o mercado.
Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Presses universitaires de Grenoble. © Presses universitaires de Grenoble. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit.
The heating at ion-cyclotron resonance of various species of pure metallic plasmas (Mg, Ca, Zn, Ba and Yb) is measured experimentally with various diagnostics (using an energy analyser, Fabry-Pérot interferometry, laser absorption and induced fluorescence) and compared with the theory. The selectivity of the heating is found to be very sensitive to the characteristics of the plasma source. At each ion-cyclotron resonance, the refractive index of the fast wave exhibits an increase proportional to the square root of the abundance of the corresponding isotope, leading to a decrease of the exciting electric field and of the heating that is checked experimentally. The experiments and the theory show that the selective heating is proportional to the square of the antenna current. Also the increase of the heating measured with the static axial magnetic field is due to the increase of the fast-wave component as and to the decrease of the slow-wave component of the electric field by the space-charge effect. The decrease of the ionic heating with the plasma radius is due to the slow wave radial profile whose characteristic absorption length (3 cm) is about half the plasma radius.
L'investissement socialement responsable connaît une croissance rapide ces dernières années, ceci traduisant une préoccupation réelle des investisseurs. Cette étude propose une modélisation théorique formalisant les implications de ce goût nouveau pour l'investissement socialement responsable sur le prix des actions. Nous retraçons les différentes phases d'introduction de l'éthique sur les marchés financiers. Nous montrons, en particulier, que l'émergence d'une notation éthique entraîne une hausse du prix des titres éthiques, et donc une diminution du coût du capital de ces entreprises. Cet avantage peut inciter des entreprises à s'adapter à la demande des investisseurs en adoptant un comportement éthique, et ce jusqu'à ce que la baisse du coût du capital induite s'équilibre avec le coût supporté pour investir dans des programmes de mise en conformité aux normes sociales.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.