Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic devastating dysfunction of neurons in the brain leading to
dementia. It mainly arises due to neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus area of the brain and is clinically
manifested as a progressive mental failure, disordered cognitive functions, personality changes, reduced verbal fluency and
impairment of speech. The pathology behind AD is the formation of intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, deposition of amyloid
plaque and decline in choline acetyltransferase and loss of cholinergic neurons. Tragically, the disease cannot be cured but
its progression can be halted. Various cholinesterase inhibitors available in the market like Tacrine, Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, etc are being used to manage the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.
Objective:
The paper’s objective is to throw light not only on the cellular/genetic basis of the disease, but also on the current
trends and various strategies of treatment including the use of phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.
Materials & Methods:
Enormous literature survey was conducted and published articles of PUBMED, Scifinder, Google
Scholar, Clinical Trials.org and Alzheimer Association reports were studied intensively to consolidate the information on
the strategies available to combat Alzheimer’s disease.
Results & Conclusion:
Currently, several strategies are being investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Immunotherapies targeting amyloid-beta plaques, tau protein and neural pathways are undergoing clinical trials. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotide methodologies are being approached as therapies for its management. Phytopharmaceuticals and
nutraceuticals are also gaining attention in overcoming the symptoms related to AD. The present review article concludes
that novel and traditional therapies simultaneously promise future hope for AD treatment.
N‐Hydroxypthalimide (NHPI) has become a powerful and versatile organocatalyst, it has been known to catalyze various free‐radical processes leading to the wide range of organic transformations. Primarily, phthalimido‐N‐oxyl (PINO) radical formed from NHPI is highly efficient abstraction species for carrying out radical chain reactions. In this review, we have discussed about the most important and successful reactions from last six years, with their plausible reaction mechanisms. This review broadly covers the type of bond formation such as carbon‐carbon, carbon‐oxygen and carbon‐nitrogen bond formations. We have also highlighted various types of reaction strategies where in combination with divergent reagent systems it helps to construct different types of molecules which further find applications in the synthesis of complex set of biologically active molecule. NHPI catalyzed oxidation reactions of different class of organic compounds are also reviewed.
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