The liver is an important organ that aids in the anabolism and elimination of xenobiotics from the body. Liver malfunction is a serious public health problem which affects not only doctors and nurses, but also the pharmaceutical industry and a governing authority of drugs. Excessive alcohol use, toxic chemicals (particular antibiotics, chemotherapeutic drugs, carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), thioacetamide (TAA), and microorganisms all induce liver cell harm. In this scenario, the current synthetic medications to treat liver problems promote more liver damage.
As a result, herbal drugs have grown in popularity and are widely used. For a long time, plants have been utilized to treat hepatic illness. There are a variety of herbal preparations on the market. The goal of this review is to compile information on promising phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have been investigated in hepatotoxicity models utilising cutting-edge scientific methods.
Herbal medicines have a vital role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. A great deal of pharmaceutical research done in technologically advanced countries like USA, Germany, France, Japan and China has considerably improved quality of the herbal medicines used in the treatment of cancer. With advanced knowledge of molecular science and refinement in isolation & structure elucidation techniques, we are in a much better position to identify various anticancer herbs and develop the remedy that might cure cancer. The therapeutic effect of anticancer herbs is executed by inhibiting cancer-activating enzymes, stimulating DNA repair mechanism, promoting production of protective enzymes, inducing antioxidant action and by enhancing activity of the immune cells. Some herbs protect the body from cancer by enhancing detoxification functions of the body. Certain biological response modifiers derived from herbs are known to inhibit growth of cancer by modulating the activity of specific hormones and enzymes. Some herbs reduce toxic side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Scientists all over the world are concentrating on the herbal medicines to boost immune cells of the body against cancer. By understanding the complex synergistic interaction of various constituents of anticancer herbs, the herbal formulations can be designed to attack the cancerous cells without harming normal cells of the body.
A steam distilled volatile oil from the fresh leaves of Citrus sinensis Linn. analysed by capillary-GC and GCMS yielded eight components, of which seven were monoterpenic (99.6%) and one ester (0.4%). Cis-sabinene hydrate (35.1%) was the predominant monoterpene, followed by l - limonene (30.1%), citral (27.9%), lavendulol (2.5%), perillaldehyde (2.0%), α-pinene (1.4%) and perillyl alcohol (0.6%). The ester obtained was tert.-butyl benzoate (0.4%). Whereas volatile oil from its fresh fruit peels yielded five components of which three were monoterpenes (76.5%) and remaining two were non-terpenic compounds. α-pinene (60.80%) was the predominant monoterpene, followed by verbenone (15.40%) and α-thujene (0.30%).The non-terpenic compounds obtained was N-pentylcyclopentane (11.80%) and cyclopentenyl ethyne (11.70%). The maximum antibacterial activity was shown with 1%v/v of volatile oil collected from Greater Noida, U.P on Staphylococcus aureus (16.4 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (14.2 mm), and maximum anti-fungal activity was shown on Candida albicans (13.1 mm) followed by Aspergillus niger (12.5 mm).
Background:
Ramalin (γ-glutamyl-N'-(2-hydroxyphenyl) hydrazide), a nitrogen containing lichen secondary metabolite was isolated decennium back from Ramalina terebrata, an Antarctic lichen. Since then it has attracted a number of researchers thus leading to various research investigations exploring the pharmacological potential of Ramalin in the past decade.
Methods:
The bibliographic databases were explored for the peer-reviewed research related to the pharmacological importance of Ramalin.
Results:
The article summarizes the antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, antibacterial and anti-allergic activities of this molecule. Additionally, the studies conducted to show the potential of Ramalin in athercosclerosis, atopic dermatitis, neurodegenerative disorders, hepatic fibrosis and its role in autophagy suppression and enzyme inhibition are also described briefly. Moreover, the experimental findings also depict that Ramalin did not show any toxicity.
Conclusion:
The current review shall be very useful for the future researchers interested to work on Ramalin because it summarizes all the relevant publications starting
Objective: The current investigation involves the isolation, characterization and prediction of biological activity spectra of the phytoconstituents from the ethanolic extract of the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium roxb. (Fabaceae).
Methods:The heartwood (3 kg) was extracted in alcohol by cold maceration for 21 d and the compounds were isolated by column chromatography. The compounds thus isolated were characterised and their structures were elucidated by using assorted spectral data analysis, i.e., infrared radiation spectroscopy (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 HNMR), carbon thirteen nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 Results: Phytochemical investigation of ethanolic extract of the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium led to isolate two fatty esters and a phenolic compound characterised as n-octanyl n-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (n-octanyl linoleiate, 1), n-dodecanyl n-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (n-dodecanyl linoleiate, 2) and 2, 3-dioxymethylene phenol (3). These phytoconstituents are reported for first time in the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. The in silico profiling of these phytoconstituents exhibited their broad spectra of biological activity. Compounds (1) and (2) showed their maximum activity as All-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase inhibitor, anti eczematic, lipid metabolism regulator, etc. and compound (3) was found to be active as membrane integrity agonist, aspulvinone dimethylallyl transferases inhibitor, carminative, neurotransmitter uptake inhibitor, etc.C NMR) and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). PASS (prediction of activity spectra for substances) computer program was used to predict the biological activity spectra of the isolated compounds.
Conclusion:These isolated phytoconstituents can be used as the marker compounds to establish the identity, quality and purity of the drug. The results of PASS prediction shall be very useful for establishing these phytoconstituents as active pharmacological moieties.
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