The present study aimed to investigate the effect of demographic variables of gender and age on online consumer purchase behavior (CPB) on Facebook in Hungary. The statistical population of the present study consists of Facebook users in Hungary, including Hungarian natives, foreigners residing in this country including students. A sample of 433 online consumers in different age groups was surveyed. The questionnaire was shared via an online link on the Facebook platform and also on various channels. Welch’s t-test was used to examine the gender variable, and Welch and Brown-Forsythe test was used to examine the age variable. The results showed that there was a significant difference between CPB in all age groups and the age group of over 50 years on Facebook. This important result emphasized the importance and impact of social networks as marketing channels on young people. Another important point was the difference between the purchase behaviors of male and female consumers. The results from this research can have implications for businesses in developing their competitive advantages and adopting proper approaches in advertising and marketing campaigns based on the socio-demographic characteristics of people.

PurposeThis study explores the effect of internal branding on organisational financial performance and brand loyalty with the mediating role of psychological empowerment.Design/methodology/approachThe data gathered from 200 Pasargad insurance employees in Iran were analysed. Structural Equation Modelling and R were used to evaluate the model. Financial performance was measured by four Concepts (ROI, ROE, Sales growth, ROA) based on available data from March 2010 to March 2020.FindingsThe results revealed that internal branding and psychological empowerment have no significant effect on financial performance, but both have a significant positive effect on brand loyalty. Likewise, the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the subject of the impact of internal branding on brand loyalty was confirmed. Furthermore, psychological empowerment did not play a mediating role in the impact of internal branding on financial performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study could be important for managers of organisations active in the insurance industry to highlight internal branding and enhance psychological empowerment and employee brand loyalty. Moreover, managers' perception of the effective role of psychological empowerment to enhance employee brand loyalty is another practical aspect of this research.Originality/valueConsidering the mediating role of psychological empowerment to the effect of internal branding on financial performance and brand loyalty is an innovative aspect of the present study. Meanwhile, the use of R software for VB-SEM was another point to surge the value of this paper.

The article's objective is to identify how media could facilitate the effect of sustainable entrepreneurship on consumer purchase behaviour, based on evidence from the food industry in Nigeria. Research Design & Methods:The research population was experts who have sufficient information, expertise, and experience in the field of sustainable entrepreneurship and marketing, and pay attention to online social platforms and consumer purchase behaviour. There population amounted to 33 interviewed experts. A combination of Delphi-ANP (Analytic Network Process) approaches was used. Results showed that customers' satisfaction was the key dimension that affects sustainable entrepreneurship in the Nigerian food industry. Findings: 'Access to the internet' had the highest rank (F15) (0.33741), which showed that it was the most important factor in developing sustainable entrepreneurship of food industry, regarding to media role in Nigeria. 'production process and the environment' (F1) (0.33461) ranked second and was close to the 'price satisfaction' (F17) (0.32049) in importance. In addition, managers should not ignore the 'excellent functional quality of the brand,' 'personal attributes of customers' care' and 'packaging quality,' since these three factors were ranked fourth, fifth and sixth, respectively. Implications & Recommendations:The entrepreneurs should focus more on this dimension to develop a sustainable food industry in Nigeria. Meanwhile, media availability had a significant role in developing sustainable entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Contribution & Value Added: Most researchers focused on sustainable entrepreneurship without considering the impacts of media as a channel of achieving it by changing the consumers' behaviours towards consuming a particular product. Therefore, this research -investigated how media could moderate the effect of sustainable entrepreneurship on consumer purchase behaviour, taking evidence from the food industry in Nigeria. Article type:research article

In order to achieve a specific result, a firm’s problem-solving activities can be thought of as a process that combines physical and cognitive actions. Its internal organization determines how information inputs are distributed among different task units and, as a result, how the cognitive workload is distributed. We tested a case study related to Iranian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). We used NCA analysis as a creative and state-of-the-art method with the help of R software to evaluate data. According to the findings, six prerequisites must be met in order to achieve a 50% level of efficient performance: innovation at a minimum of 22.7%, CSR at a minimum of 30.4%, IT investment at a minimum of 56.7%, SMM at a minimum of 38.3%, product differentiation at a minimum of 11.7%, and CRM at a minimum of 38.3%.

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It is widely believed that the financial system is dependent on the banking industry, and its strength and development are vital for economic prosperity. This paper tried to show the financial performance of Iranian banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during 2013–2019, as the research population. The statistical population included 18 banks listed on the TSE from 2013 to 2019, which were sampled using a screening method. The results indicated a significant relationship between explanatory variables of capital ratio and the financial performance of banks in all models. However, a significant negative relationship was found between the inflation rate and the financial performance of banks in all models. Furthermore, it seems that banks with high asset strength are more profitable than the others. Regulators should guarantee that banks remain highly capitalized for a viable banking sector in Iran.