a b s t r a c tViruses are real menace to human safety that cause devastating viral disease. The high prevalence of these diseases is due to improper detecting tools. Therefore, there is a remarkable demand to identify viruses in a fast, selective and accurate way. Several biosensors have been designed and commercialized for detection of pathogenic viruses. However, they present many challenges. Nanotechnology overcomes these challenges and performs direct detection of molecular targets in real time. In this overview, studies concerning nanotechnology-based biosensors for pathogenic virus detection have been summarized, paying special attention to biosensors based on graphene oxide, silica, carbon nanotubes, gold, silver, zinc oxide and magnetic nanoparticles, which could pave the way to detect viral diseases and provide healthy life for infected patients.
Background:
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that catalyzes
thiopurine drugs such as 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, and azathioprine. There is a correlation
between thiopurine drug metabolism, response, and toxicity and genetic polymorphism of TPMT.
The aim of this study is to assess TPMT genetic polymorphisms activity and metabolic products of
AZA in patients with IBD.
Methods:
Blood samples were obtained from 50 IBD unrelated patients from a private laboratory. We
used polymerase chain reaction-restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and allele-specific PCRbased
assays to determine the TPMT gene for the different variants. A high-performance liquid chromatography
system (HPLC) was carried out to determine the whole blood 6-TGN concentration. Determination
of serum TMPT activity was done by ELISA kit.
Results:
In IBD patients, 46/50 (92%) subjects were homozygous for the wild-type allele
(TPMT*1/*1). Mutant TPMT*1/*2 and TPMT*1/*3C alleles were found in 4/46 (8%) and 3/47 (6%)
of IBD patients, respectively. TPMT*1/*3B variant was not detected in any of the IBD patients. TPMT
enzyme activity was higher in wild-type than that mutant variants TPMT*1/*2 and TPMT*1/*3C,
suggesting that there are statistically significant differences between 6-TG levels and polymorphisms
of TMPT enzyme. 6-TG levels significantly increased in IBD patients mutant variants TPMT*1/*2 and
TPMT*1/*3C.
Conclusions:
Our results showed that TPMT polymorphisms are associated with 6-TGN levels in patients
using AZA. This study suggests that AZA dosage may be determined according to the high or
low prevalence of a TPMT genotype. Moreover, the results present the determination of metabolite for
assessing possible safe effective dosage of the drug.
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