Transdermal drug delivery system was first introduced more than 20 years ago. Transdermal drug delivery system is a type of convenient drug delivery system where drug goes to the systemic circulation through the protective barrier i.e. Skin is the main target of topical and transdermal preparations. Major aim of transdermal drug delivery system is to cross the stratum corneum. Various methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. Vesicular system is one of the most controversial methods for transdermal delivery of active substances in that ethosome are the ethanolic phospholipids vesicles which are used mainly for transdermal delivery of drugs. Ethosomes are soft, malleable vesicles tailored for enhanced delivery of active agents. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through the skin. The increased permeation of ethosomes is probably due to its ethanolic content. Ethanol increases the cell membrane lipid fluidity which results in increased skin penetrability of the ethosomes. These ethosomes permeates inside the skin and fuse with cell membrane lipids and release the drug. Hot and cold methods are used for formulation of ethosomes. Evaluation parameters include size, shape, drug content, zeta potential etc. Ethosomes have been successfully evaluated for the delivery of many drugs for e.g. Cyclosporine A, insulin, salbutamol, trihexyphenidil, etc. Ethosomes provides a number of important benefits including improving the drug's efficacy, enhancing patient compliance and comfort and reducing the total cost of treatment. Ethosomes can be important drug delivery tool in the future.
Objective: The main objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the eudragit and HPMC coated metformin hydrochloride floating microspheres, in which HPMC helps in floating and eudragit as a coating material for a site-specific drug release in a controlled manner and the active moiety metformin used as anti-hyperglycemic agent. Methods: The floating microsphere was prepared by the solvent evaporation method incorporating metformin as a model drug. The prepared floating microsphere were characterized for particle size, %yield, drug loading and entrapment efficiency, compatibility study, %buoyancy, surface morphology and In vitro drug release and release kinetics. Results: The result metformin loaded floating microsphere was successfully prepared and the particle size range from 397±23.22 to 595±15.82 µm, the entrapment efficiency range from 83.49±1.33 to 60.02±1.65% and drug loading capacity range from 14.3±0.54 to 13.31±0.47% and %buoyancy range from 85.67±0.58 to 80.67±1.15%. The FT-IR and X-RD analysis confirmed that no any interaction between drug and excipient, and surface morphology confirmed those particles are sphere. The floating microsphere show maximum 96% drug release in pH 0.1N HCL and follow the Korsmeyer peppas model of the super case-2 transport mechanism. Conclusion: These results suggest that metformin loaded floating microspheres could be retain in stomach for long time and give site specific drug release in controlled manner.
Low-oral bioavailability as a consequence of low-water solubility of drugs is challenging for formulation scientists in the development of new pharmaceutical products. This review aims to highlight relevant considerations when implementing a rational strategy for the development of lipid-based oral drug delivery systems and to discuss shortcomings and challenges to the current classification of these delivery systems such as nanoemulsion, Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN), Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS). Lipid-based drug delivery systems consist of a diverse group of formulations, each consisting of varying functional and structural properties that are amenable to modifications achieved by varying the composition of lipid excipients and other additives thereby facilitating the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In addition, lipid nanoparticles may also protect the loaded drugs from chemical and enzymatic degradation and gradually release drug molecules from the lipid matrix into the blood, resulting in improved therapeutic profiles compared to free drugs. Therefore, due to their physiological and biodegradable properties, lipid molecules may decrease adverse side effects and chronic toxicity of the drug-delivery systems when compared to others of polymeric nature. Accordingly, the present review is mainly centred on the various lipid-based drug delivery system and excipients used in lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS).
Dendrimers are unique class of polymers which play an important role in emerging nanotechnology. Novel drug delivery is one of the most attractive potential applications of dendrimers. Dendrimers are macromolecules having highly branched, 3D structure, nanoscale architecture with monodispersity and high functionality. Dendrimers are dominated by the functional groups on the molecular surface for example; a dendrimer can be water soluble when its end groups like a carboxylic group. These features make it attractive candidates as drug carrier for controlled release or targeted delivery. Dendrimer is a smart polymer having various applicability in pharmaceutics, industry and diagnosis.
The main aim of my review to discuss the most prominent nanocarrier, “Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticle” (LPHNPs) that overcomes the limitation of lipid and polymeric nanoparticles. That consists of polymeric core and lipid outer layer. The polymeric core encapsulates both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and lipid shell provides a coat that gives a barrier to prevent drug leakage and easily penetrate into the skin. The LPHNPs has significant application in drug delivery, drug targeting, cancer treatment, brain drug delivery, multiple drug delivery, delivery of diagnostic imaging agent and Small interfering Ribonucleic acid (siRNA). This session is based on literature information in which LPHNPs were prepared by Two-step and Single-step method. Most of the researcher use the Single-step method by emulsification solvent evaporation and Nanoprecipitation method that are easy to prepare LPHNPs. The Polylactic Glycolic acid (PLGA), Poly € caprolactone, Chitosan, Alginate, Dextron, Sodium Alginate, etc used as polymeric core and Stearic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol, Behenol Alcohol, etc used as lipid core. All results were analyzed by us according to the literature and authors’ expertise. The drug release depends on diffusion processes, followed by erosion, then swelling of the matrix. The lipid shell provides a biocompatible shield that acts as the phospholipid bilayer of skin and easily penetrates into the skin. That also capable to deliver the multidrug and diagnostic imaging agent for the treatment of cancer. The Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles are the most prominent nanocarrier for drug delivery. That is capable to deliver both Hydrophilic and Lipophilic drugs and show high bioavailability.
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