Transdermal drug delivery system was first introduced more than 20 years ago. Transdermal drug delivery system is a type of convenient drug delivery system where drug goes to the systemic circulation through the protective barrier i.e. Skin is the main target of topical and transdermal preparations. Major aim of transdermal drug delivery system is to cross the stratum corneum. Various methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. Vesicular system is one of the most controversial methods for transdermal delivery of active substances in that ethosome are the ethanolic phospholipids vesicles which are used mainly for transdermal delivery of drugs. Ethosomes are soft, malleable vesicles tailored for enhanced delivery of active agents. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through the skin. The increased permeation of ethosomes is probably due to its ethanolic content. Ethanol increases the cell membrane lipid fluidity which results in increased skin penetrability of the ethosomes. These ethosomes permeates inside the skin and fuse with cell membrane lipids and release the drug. Hot and cold methods are used for formulation of ethosomes. Evaluation parameters include size, shape, drug content, zeta potential etc. Ethosomes have been successfully evaluated for the delivery of many drugs for e.g. Cyclosporine A, insulin, salbutamol, trihexyphenidil, etc. Ethosomes provides a number of important benefits including improving the drug's efficacy, enhancing patient compliance and comfort and reducing the total cost of treatment. Ethosomes can be important drug delivery tool in the future.

The objective of present investigation was to prepare & evaluate solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) based topical gel of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) etoricoxib for the treatment of arthritis which would attenuate the gastrointestinal related toxicities associated with oral administration. SLN were formulated by melt emulsification and solidification at low temperature method using stearic acid & tween 80. All the formulation were subjected to particle size, particle size distribution, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, crystallinity study by DSC and in-vitro release studies. It has been observed that, the high lipid concentration containing formulation have higher entrapment as compare to other two formulation. The SLN-dispersion shows 70.766% entrapment & zeta potential of the formulation were -25.6 which indicates the stability of formulation. The In Vitro drug release rate of gel was evaluated using Modified franz diffusion cell containing dialysis membrane with phosphate buffer pH 7.4 as the receptor medium. The in-vitro release was carried out in comparison with a carbopol gel & hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) gel. The permeability parameters steady-state flux (Jss) was significantly increased in SLN-F3C (carbopol) formulation as compared with SLN-F3HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) formulation. It was concluded that the Etoricoxib loaded SLN based gel formulation containing carbopol was suitable for topical application and shows much better result of antiinflammatory activity.

No abstract

Lipid nanoparticles are an alternative and modern carrier system to traditional drug delivery system i.e. liposomes and emulsions. This systematic review on lipid nanoparticles focus on production, challenges and advancement of delivery of drug via topical and transdermal route. Production of solid lipid nanoparticles and naostructured lipd carrier are produced by a variety of technique which explored in current review. Lipid nanoparticle exhibit many features for topical application of cosmetics and pharmaceutics, i.e. controlled release of actives, Physical and chemical stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients, drug targeting, occlusion, film formation and associated with it penetration enhancement and increase of skin hydration. Due to the production of lipid nanoparticles from physiological and/or biodegradable lipids, this carrier system exhibits an excellent tolerability. Furthermore an overview of the benefit/risk ratio of lipid nanoparticles also explored in this paper. The SLN & NLC are a “nanosafe” carrier for the delivery of active pharmaceutical via topical route.

No abstract

Preformulation is a study which deals which provides the framework for drug's combination with pharmaceutical ingredients in the fabrication of dosage form. Preformulation study is to develop the elegant dosage form by the establishing kinetic rate profile, compatibility with the other ingredients, establish physicochemical parameter and polymorphism of the new drug. Among these properties the preformulation also provide the information regarding degradation process, adverse condition relevant to the drug, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, drug stability, partition coefficient, dissolution rate, and polymorphic forms. Preformulation studies strengthen the scientific foundation of the guidance, provide regulatory relief and conserve resources in the drug development and evaluation process, improve public safety standards, enhance product quality, facilitate the implementation of new technologies. According to ICH, all technical requirements for the application of drug approval were homonized in CTD format which are scientifically more elaborate by USFDA in QoS-QbR format. QbR is based on the principle of Quality by Design (QbD) which increased efficiently in the FDA review process.

Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have an advanced and modern approach over the traditional delivery system. This systematic review on nanoparticulate drug delivery containing lipid and focus on preparation, challenges and advancement of delivery of the drug via topical and transdermal route. The first era of lipid nanoparticles were SLN and have more sustaining action as well as suitable for the higher permeation of drug. The NLC is the second generation lipid nanoparticles developed to overcome the limitation associated with SLN i.e low drug loading capacity, polymorphism of solid lipid. Production of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers are produced by a variety of technologies which explored in the current review. Lipid nanoparticle has various properties for topical use of cosmetics and other pharmaceutical formulation, i.e. controlled and sustained release of medicaments, Physical and chemical stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients, targeted release, film formation and enhancing penetration with the enhancement of skin hydration. Skin hydration plays a major role in the topical delivery of API as it hydrates the skin which leads to opening of pores of skin. Due to occlusion nature of lipid nanopar-ticles trans epidermal water loss decline which softening the skin. The use of biodegradable grade lipid makes it more suitable because it does not cause any toxicity as created by polymeric nanoformulations. Furthermore, a discussion about the benefit/risk ratio of a nanoparticulate system containing lipids also explored in this paper. The SLN and NLC are a "nanosafe" carrier for the delivery of active pharmaceutical via topical route.

Dendrimers are unique class of polymers which play an important role in emerging nanotechnology. Novel drug delivery is one of the most attractive potential applications of dendrimers. Dendrimers are macromolecules having highly branched, 3D structure, nanoscale architecture with monodispersity and high functionality. Dendrimers are dominated by the functional groups on the molecular surface for example; a dendrimer can be water soluble when its end groups like a carboxylic group. These features make it attractive candidates as drug carrier for controlled release or targeted delivery. Dendrimer is a smart polymer having various applicability in pharmaceutics, industry and diagnosis.