Background Tissue engineering of hair follicles (HFs) has enormous potential for hair loss treatment. However, certain challenges remain, including weakening of the dermal papilla cell (DPC) viability, proliferation, and HF inducibility, as well as the associated inefficient and tedious preparation process required to generate extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking substrates for biomolecules or cells. Herein, we utilized gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and chitosan hydrogels to prepare scalable, monodispersed, and diameter-controllable interpenetrating network GelMA/chitosan-microcarriers (IGMs) loaded with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and seeded with DPCs, on a high-throughput microfluidic chip. Results The ECM-mimicking hydrogels used for IGMs exhibited surface nano-topography and high porosity. Mass production of IGMs with distinct and precise diameters was achieved by adjusting the oil and aqueous phase flow rate ratio. Moreover, IGMs exhibited appropriate swelling and sustained growth factor release to facilitate a relatively long hair growth phase. DPCs seeded on PRP-loaded IGMs exhibited good viability (> 90%), adhesion, spreading, and proliferative properties (1.2-fold greater than control group). Importantly, PRP-loaded IGMs presented a higher hair inducibility of DPCs in vitro compared to the control and IGMs group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, DPC/PRP-laden IGMs were effectively mixed with epidermal cell (EPC)-laden GelMA to form a PRP-loaded DPC/EPC co-cultured hydrogel system (DECHS), which was subcutaneously injected into the hypodermis of nude mice. The PRP-loaded DECHS generated significantly more HFs (~ 35 per site) and novel vessels (~ 12 per site) than the other groups (p < 0.05 for each). Conclusion Taken together, these results illustrate that, based on high-throughput microfluidics, we obtained scalable and controllable production of ECM-mimicking IGMs and DECHS, which simulate an effective micro- and macro-environment to promote DPC bioactivity and hair regeneration, thus representing a potential new strategy for HF tissue engineering.
Chitosan/PEGDA double-network hydrogel microspheres prepared by microfluidic method as chondrocyte carriers for bottom-up cartilage tissue engineering.
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transplantation is being explored as a feasible approach for treating age-related macular degeneration. The low aggregation ability of RPE cell suspensions or microtissues after transplantation...
Background: There is a lack of effective platforms that can rapidly screen drugs, for patients to achieve precision treatment. Since an organoid simulates the tissue or organ structure and function in vitro, it can be applied to predict the response to therapy, personalized medicine, and drug screening in clinical practice.However, the rapid development of this field meets several challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the current state of the organoid and prioritize future research areas using bibliometric analysis.Methods: We selected articles and reviewers from the Web of Science database, using the search strategy syntax including "organoid" or "organoids", for the years 2011 to 2020. We conducted a general analysis and a thematic evolution analysis using the bibliometrix R package. Networks connecting productive countries/ regions/institutions/authors were generated using VOSviewer. We performed a co-occurrence analysis using VOSviewer, burstness analysis using Citespace, and co-word biclustering analysis and landform map using BICOMB and gCLUTO to identify possible current and future directions and hotspots.Results: We selected 3,168 publications for our analysis. We found that the number of publications in this field has increased sharply. The greatest contributions to organoid research have been made by the United States (among countries) and the University of Michigan (among institutions), and Hans Clevers is the most influential author. The journals with the highest number of selected articles and citations are Cancer Research and Nature. We observed the possibility of keyword classification into five clusters. Their trend changed from "methods to build organoids" (e.g., "lgr5+ stem cell" and "3D culture") to "practical applications of organoids" (e.g., "cystic fibrosis" and "Zika virus").Conclusions: Our study used bibliometric analysis to provide an in-depth understanding of the trends and hotspots of organoid research. The primarily important subject matters are drug screening, disease modeling, personalized medicine, regenerative medicine, and developmental biology. However, this field still faces limitations in the form of lack of reproducibility, low levels of maturity and function, and the absence of appropriate readouts. Therefore, these five significant topics, and possible solutions to limitations (involving bioengineering strategies), might be noteworthy in the future.
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