No abstract

Waste management could contribute significantly to reducing environmental degradation. Studies showed that briquetting provides with or without binder helps to manage wastes as energy fuels. However, the properties of many binders are not investigated extensively. This work investigated the effect of two organic binders' low rate on energy efficiency of Briquettes produced from charcoals of Tender Coconut Husks (TCH), Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) and Corn Cobs (CC). Bombax Costatum calyx (B) and Cissus Repens barks (C) were used separately as binders to elaborate briquettes. The briquettes were compared based on their energy efficiency parameters with wood charcoal as control. Energy efficiency parameters such as water boiling time (WBT), mass of biomass used (MB), burning rate (BR), temperature rise rate (TR) and maximum temperature in the furnace (T max) were measured from each biomass charcoal briquette and wood charcoal combustion. Water boiling test was applied to determine briquettes thermal properties. The results of WBT, BR, TR and T max were respectively within the ranges 3.4-12.3 min, 2.90-7.71 g/min, 4.63˚C/s-16.10˚C/s and 623˚C-900˚C. Corn Cobs charcoal briquettes with Bombax binder took the shortest time to boil water and also presented a high temperature rise rate and the highest maximum temperature. The lowest burning rates were obtained for Tender coconut husks charcoal briquettes with Cissus binder. They showed good material conservation for bombax bound briquettes. The results of our investigations showed that binders content increasing enhanced the thermomechanical stability and affected negatively the energy efficiency parameters of the studied briquettes.

In this paper, the lower calorific value of corn cobs, palm kernel shells and tender coconut husks were determined and were respectively 24 760 J/g for corn cobs; 25 096 J/g for palm kernel shells and 16 550 J/g for tender coconut husks. Then, the mixture of different amount of corn cobs and palm kernel shells were made. The determination of their lower calorific value has shown that the mixture of 40% of corn cobs and 60% of palm kernel shells in mass has increased, 25 667 J/g, compared to the initial biochars.These values are lower compared to charcoal one's, 29 061 J/g.To bind the mixture as fuel briquettes, addition of 13.04% in sample total mass of clay is made. Binder decreases samples lower calorific value as 20 842 J/g for corn cobs, 13 527 J/g for tender coconuts husks and 21 377 J/g for palm kernel shells.For the mixture of 50% of corn cobs and 50% of palm kernel shells, lower calorific value decreases less compared to others.

This work was focused on carbonizing four tropical fruits shells wastes such as: coconut shells (CS), palmyra shells (PS), doum palm shells (DPS), whole fruit of doum palm (WFDP) and teak wood (TW) used as control. The aim was to investigate the potential of those biochar to be used as an alternative energy source in replacement ofcharcoal. The raw biomasses samples were carbonized under the same conditions and some combustion characteristics of the obtained biochar such as lower calorific value, energy per unit volume associated to bulk density, ash content, moisture content and ash mineral content were investigated. The temperature in the furnace was estimated during carbonization process using a K-type thermocouple. The thermal profile of the studied raw biomasses reveals three phases of carbonization. The biochar yield drops significantly for all biomasses as the final maximum temperature increases. The average yields obtained ranged from 37.81 % for palmyra shells to 27.57 % for the doum palm shells. The highest yield achieved was 42.32 % obtained at 280 °C for palmyra shells, the lowest yield (24.42 %) was recorded at the highest maximum temperature of 590 ° C for doum palm shells. The results of energy parameters of the studied biochar showed that coconut shells charcoal presented the highest lower calorific value (28.059 MJ.kg-1), followed by doum palm shells (26.929 MJ.kg-1) when, with 25.864 MJ.kg-1, whole fruit of doum palm charcoal showed the lowest lower calorific value. Similarly, with the highest bulk density of 0.625 g/cm3 coconut shells charcoal presented the highest energy per unit volume (17536.88 J/cm3), whereas with the lowest bulk density of 0.415 g/cm3, whole fruit of doum palm charcoal presented the lowest energy per unit volume. The ash content analysis showed that whole fruit of doum palm had the highest ash content (18.75 %) and palmyra nut shells charcoal (8.42 %).Teak wood charcoal, took as control, has the highest lower calorific value (32.163 MJ.kg-1), less dense as coconut shell (0.43 g/cm3), his energy per unit of volume is 13830.09 j/cm3 but the lowest value of as content (2.90 %). Among these biomasses charcoals, only whole fruit of doum palm charcoal ash showed a high chloride and sulfide content respectively  9.73 % and 1.75 % in weight. From these results, the produced charcoals could be used as alternative fuels except for whole fruits of doum palm charcoal which chloride and sulfide content were found high. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

Organic waste generally has low calorific value. Thus, an energy densification procedure is necessary before their use as fuel. Studies have shown that the calorific value of the mixture of charcoals can be higher than the calorific value of the isolated constituents. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy potential of the charcoals produced from coconut shells (CS), palmyra palm nuts shells (PPS), doum palm nuts shells (DPS) and their mixtures in order to identify the rate of mixture allowing the improvement of their calorific value. The raw biomasses were carbonized in a homemade carbonizer. The charcoals obtained were ground into powder. Then samples of, pure biomass charcoals (CS100, PPS100, DPS100), double mixtures of 50% of each biomass charcoals (CS50-PPS50, CS50-DPS50, PPS50-DPS50) and triple mixtures of (CS33-PPS33-DPS33, CS40-PPS30-DPS30, CS50-PPS25-DPS25, CS25-PPS50-DPS25, CS25-PPS25-DPS50) were made (the number corresponds to the content of each biomass charcoal in mass. Then, some of their energy parameters such as lower calorific value and energy per unit volume associated to bulk density were explored. The results showed that for pure samples, coconut shells charcoal presented the highest lower calorific value (28.059 MJ. kg -1 ), followed by charcoal (27.054 MJ/kg), then doum palm nuts shells biochar (26.929 MJ. kg -1 ) and finally 26.111 MJ. kg -1 for palmyra palm nuts shells charcoal. Similarly, with the highest bulk density of 0.625 g/cm 3 coconut shells charcoal presented the highest energy per unit volume (17 536.880 J/cm 3 ), whereas with the lowest bulk density of 0.415 g/cm 3 , doum palm nuts shells charcoal presented the lowest energy per unit volume. Coconut shells biomass charcoal energy per volume unit was significantly higher than that of charcoal used as control (13 905.760 J/cm 3 ). For samples made up of mixtures, the lower calorific values obtained were lower than that of the most energetic pure biomass charcoal. Moreover, by comparing these measurements with the weighted average values of the calorific value of the mixtures, only the samples CS50-PPS25-DPS25 (27.623 MJ/kg) and CS40-PPS30-DPS30 (27.583 MJ/kg) showed an increase of the calorific value, higher than that of wood charcoal bought in the local market and used as reference (27.054 MJ/kg). However, for the others compositions, a decrease in calorific value was recorded.