Graphene-based photodetection (PD) devices have been broadly studied for their broadband absorption, high carrier mobility, and mechanical flexibility. Owing to graphene’s low optical absorption, the research on graphene-based PD devices so far has relied on hybrid heterostructure devices to enhance photo-absorption. Designing a new generation of PD devices supported by silicon (Si) film is considered as an innovative technique for PD devices; Si film-based devices are typically utilized in optical communication and image sensing owing to the remarkable features of Si, e.g., high absorption, high carrier mobility, outstanding CMOS integration. Here, we integrate (i) Si film via a splitting/printing transfer with (ii) graphite film grown by a pyrolysis method. Consequently, p-type Si film/graphite film/n-type Si-stacked PD devices exhibited a broadband detection of 0.4–4 μm (in computation) and obtained good experimental results such as the responsivity of 100 mA/W, specific detectivity of 3.44 × 106 Jones, noise-equivalent power of 14.53 × 10−10 W/(Hz)1/2, external quantum efficiency of 0.2, and rise/fall time of 38 μs/1 μs under 532 nm laser illumination. Additionally, our computational results also confirmed an enhanced light absorption of the above stacked 2D heterostructure film-based PD device compatible with the experimental results.

Waste management could contribute significantly to reducing environmental degradation. Studies showed that briquetting provides with or without binder helps to manage wastes as energy fuels. However, the properties of many binders are not investigated extensively. This work investigated the effect of two organic binders' low rate on energy efficiency of Briquettes produced from charcoals of Tender Coconut Husks (TCH), Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) and Corn Cobs (CC). Bombax Costatum calyx (B) and Cissus Repens barks (C) were used separately as binders to elaborate briquettes. The briquettes were compared based on their energy efficiency parameters with wood charcoal as control. Energy efficiency parameters such as water boiling time (WBT), mass of biomass used (MB), burning rate (BR), temperature rise rate (TR) and maximum temperature in the furnace (T max) were measured from each biomass charcoal briquette and wood charcoal combustion. Water boiling test was applied to determine briquettes thermal properties. The results of WBT, BR, TR and T max were respectively within the ranges 3.4-12.3 min, 2.90-7.71 g/min, 4.63˚C/s-16.10˚C/s and 623˚C-900˚C. Corn Cobs charcoal briquettes with Bombax binder took the shortest time to boil water and also presented a high temperature rise rate and the highest maximum temperature. The lowest burning rates were obtained for Tender coconut husks charcoal briquettes with Cissus binder. They showed good material conservation for bombax bound briquettes. The results of our investigations showed that binders content increasing enhanced the thermomechanical stability and affected negatively the energy efficiency parameters of the studied briquettes.

This work was focused on carbonizing four tropical fruits shells wastes such as: coconut shells (CS), palmyra shells (PS), doum palm shells (DPS), whole fruit of doum palm (WFDP) and teak wood (TW) used as control. The aim was to investigate the potential of those biochar to be used as an alternative energy source in replacement ofcharcoal. The raw biomasses samples were carbonized under the same conditions and some combustion characteristics of the obtained biochar such as lower calorific value, energy per unit volume associated to bulk density, ash content, moisture content and ash mineral content were investigated. The temperature in the furnace was estimated during carbonization process using a K-type thermocouple. The thermal profile of the studied raw biomasses reveals three phases of carbonization. The biochar yield drops significantly for all biomasses as the final maximum temperature increases. The average yields obtained ranged from 37.81 % for palmyra shells to 27.57 % for the doum palm shells. The highest yield achieved was 42.32 % obtained at 280 °C for palmyra shells, the lowest yield (24.42 %) was recorded at the highest maximum temperature of 590 ° C for doum palm shells. The results of energy parameters of the studied biochar showed that coconut shells charcoal presented the highest lower calorific value (28.059 MJ.kg-1), followed by doum palm shells (26.929 MJ.kg-1) when, with 25.864 MJ.kg-1, whole fruit of doum palm charcoal showed the lowest lower calorific value. Similarly, with the highest bulk density of 0.625 g/cm3 coconut shells charcoal presented the highest energy per unit volume (17536.88 J/cm3), whereas with the lowest bulk density of 0.415 g/cm3, whole fruit of doum palm charcoal presented the lowest energy per unit volume. The ash content analysis showed that whole fruit of doum palm had the highest ash content (18.75 %) and palmyra nut shells charcoal (8.42 %).Teak wood charcoal, took as control, has the highest lower calorific value (32.163 MJ.kg-1), less dense as coconut shell (0.43 g/cm3), his energy per unit of volume is 13830.09 j/cm3 but the lowest value of as content (2.90 %). Among these biomasses charcoals, only whole fruit of doum palm charcoal ash showed a high chloride and sulfide content respectively  9.73 % and 1.75 % in weight. From these results, the produced charcoals could be used as alternative fuels except for whole fruits of doum palm charcoal which chloride and sulfide content were found high. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

Organic waste generally has low calorific value. Thus, an energy densification procedure is necessary before their use as fuel. Studies have shown that the calorific value of the mixture of charcoals can be higher than the calorific value of the isolated constituents. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy potential of the charcoals produced from coconut shells (CS), palmyra palm nuts shells (PPS), doum palm nuts shells (DPS) and their mixtures in order to identify the rate of mixture allowing the improvement of their calorific value. The raw biomasses were carbonized in a homemade carbonizer. The charcoals obtained were ground into powder. Then samples of, pure biomass charcoals (CS100, PPS100, DPS100), double mixtures of 50% of each biomass charcoals (CS50-PPS50, CS50-DPS50, PPS50-DPS50) and triple mixtures of (CS33-PPS33-DPS33, CS40-PPS30-DPS30, CS50-PPS25-DPS25, CS25-PPS50-DPS25, CS25-PPS25-DPS50) were made (the number corresponds to the content of each biomass charcoal in mass. Then, some of their energy parameters such as lower calorific value and energy per unit volume associated to bulk density were explored. The results showed that for pure samples, coconut shells charcoal presented the highest lower calorific value (28.059 MJ. kg -1 ), followed by charcoal (27.054 MJ/kg), then doum palm nuts shells biochar (26.929 MJ. kg -1 ) and finally 26.111 MJ. kg -1 for palmyra palm nuts shells charcoal. Similarly, with the highest bulk density of 0.625 g/cm 3 coconut shells charcoal presented the highest energy per unit volume (17 536.880 J/cm 3 ), whereas with the lowest bulk density of 0.415 g/cm 3 , doum palm nuts shells charcoal presented the lowest energy per unit volume. Coconut shells biomass charcoal energy per volume unit was significantly higher than that of charcoal used as control (13 905.760 J/cm 3 ). For samples made up of mixtures, the lower calorific values obtained were lower than that of the most energetic pure biomass charcoal. Moreover, by comparing these measurements with the weighted average values of the calorific value of the mixtures, only the samples CS50-PPS25-DPS25 (27.623 MJ/kg) and CS40-PPS30-DPS30 (27.583 MJ/kg) showed an increase of the calorific value, higher than that of wood charcoal bought in the local market and used as reference (27.054 MJ/kg). However, for the others compositions, a decrease in calorific value was recorded.

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Used engine oil is a main source of oil contamination of waterways and can result in pollution of drinking water sources. Insoluble, persistent, slowly dergradable, it can contain toxic chemicals and heavy metals. Animals and birds from the polluted oil soil can be stuck. The present study aims to contribute to solving the environmental problem and energy saving purpose by recovering waste from the recycling of used oil to improve the firing of clay bricks. The waste from recycling used oil is collected and mixed with wood charcoal. This mixture is used as fuel in the artisanal kiln to fire the bricks. The temperature rises in the kiln, the cooling time and the quality of baked Clay Bricks are analyzed. The maximum temperature observed inside the kiln is 900°C in 36 hours of kiln operation when wood charcoal is used as fuel with a firing time of five (5) days and 1020°C in 80 hours when wood charcoal and “Chinese coal” (waste from the recycling of used oil) are used as fuel with a firing time of ten (10) days. This explains the longer cooling time than with wood charcoal alone as fuel. The firing of the bricks is perfect with both fuels, whereas, with wood charcoal alone as fuel, 15% of the bricks are unbaked. The bricks also have a very clean appearance. They have an average shrinkage of 1%, which is lower than the normative value of 3%, the average compressive strength is 16.5MPa which is higher than the normative value of 12.5MPa, and the water absorption is 40% which is lower than the normative value of 60%. This combination of fuels reduces the use of wood charcoal, which in turn reduces deforestation and prevents air pollution and soil degradation through the dumping of waste oil in the environment.

The process of making cement clinker uses a lot of energy and produces a lot of pollution. Currently, cement companies use a combination of traditional fossil fuels and alternative fuels (AF-Fuels) to lower their energy consumption and environmental footprint by improving the pyro-system. In a calciner, AF-Fuels can reach a thermal substitution rate (TSR) of up to 80–100%. However, a kiln burner can only achieve a TSR of 50–60%. High TSR values have been provided by improvements in multi-channel burners, proper AF-Fuel feeding point setups, and various AF pre-combustion methods. Significant modeling of the calciner burner and system has also improved TSRs. However, the cement industry has encountered operational problems such as kiln coating build-up, reduced flame temperatures, higher specific heat consumption, and incomplete combustion. There is growing interest in waste substitution, a promising source of AF-Fuel that needs to be integrated into the current cement plant design to solve the calciner operational problems of the cement industry. This study discusses the latest developments and different experimental and modeling studies performed on the direct burning/co-firing of AF-Fuel in the cement industry as well as the incorporation of gasification in cement manufacturing. Based on this, a technically and environmentally improved solution is proposed. The characteristics of both approaches towards pre-calciner function and optimization are critically assessed. The many in-line cement calciner integration technologies and their various configurations for the long-term problems of cement plants are discussed. This project report also focuses on the necessity of creating appropriate calciner models for forecasting calciner production based on various AF-Fuels and their feeding positions in the calciner.