Blue emitting devices based on 2-(4′-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-[1,1′-styryl]-4-yl-1-benzylpiperidine-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (Cz-BPIS) exhibits blue emission with CIE coordinates of (0.16, 0.09), current density of 1.91 cd/A, power efficiency of 1.63 lm/W and external quantum efficiency of 2.61%.

The electroluminescence intensity of a dodecanethiol-functionalized silver (DT-Ag) NP/ CPB:Ir(mpidmb) 2 (acac) film was increased by about 2.23 times in comparison with that of a control device, CPB:Ir(mpidmb) 2 (acac), due to coupling between excitons of emissive layer and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of DT-Ag NPs. The current efficiency of a device with a DT-Ag NPs layer at 100 cd cm À2 (42.3 cd A À1) was 17.0 cd A À1 higher than that of the control device (25.3 cd A À1).The increase in current efficiency in the case of DT-Ag NP-coated devices was strongly related to the energy transfer between radiated light generated from the CBP:Ir(mpidmb) 2 (acac) emissive layer and the LSPR excited by the DT-Ag NPs layer.

The Cz-DEPVI device showed high efficiencies of L: 13955 cd m−2, ηex: 4.90%, ηc: 6.0 cd A−1, ηp: 5.4 lm W−1 and CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.06) at 2.8 V.

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The non-doped OLED based on MPPIS-Cz exhibits blue emission with CIE of (0.16, 0.08), maximum current and external quantum efficiency of 1.52 cd A−1 and of 1.42%, respectively.

We have fabricated stable efficient iridium(III)-bis-5-(1-(naphthalene-1-yl)-1H-phenanthro [9,10-d] imidazole-2-yl) benzene-1,2,3-triol (acetylacetonate) [Ir(NPIBT) 2 (acac)] doped inverted bottom-emissive green organic light-emitting diodes using Ti-doped ZrO 2 nanomaterials as the electron injection layer.The current density (J) and luminance (L) of the fabricated devices with Ti-doped ZrO 2 deposited between an indium tin oxide cathode and an Ir(NPIBT) 2 (acac) emissive layer increased significantly at a low driving voltage (V) compared with control devices without Ti-doped ZrO 2 . The Ti-doped ZrO 2 layer can facilitate the electron injection effectively and enhances the current efficiency (h c ) of 2.84 cd A À1 and power efficiency (h p ) of 1.32 lm W À1 ; Tel: +91 9443940735 † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See

Blue emitting devices based on donor–linker–acceptor geometry such as p-methoxynaphthylphenanthroimidazole–phenyl–phenylbenzenamine (TPA–MPI) and p-methoxynaphthylphenanthroimidazole–styryl–phenylbenzenamine (TPA–MPS) were synthesized and characterized. Due to the rigid molecular backbone composed of phenanthro­[9,10-d]­imidazole (acceptor), phenyl (TPA–MPI) and styryl (TPA–MPS) spacers, and triphenylamine (donor), these compounds exhibit good thermal stability. The nondoped device based on TAP–MPS exhibits higher efficiencies, 1.73 cd A–1 (ηc), 1.46 lm W–1 (ηp), and 2.11% (ηex). The higher efficiency is attributed to the coemission from the intercrossed excited state of the emissive layer.

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