New multifunctional blue-emissive materials with superior thermal properties, viz., 4,4′-bis(1-(4-naphthyl)-1 H -phenanthro[9,10- d ]imidazol-2-yl)binaphthyl (NPIBN), 4,4′-bis(1-(4-cyanonaphthyl)-1 H -phenanthro[9,10- d ]imidazol-2-yl)biphenyl (CNPIBP), and 4,4′-bis(1-(4-cyanonaphthyl)-1 H -phenanthro[9,10- d ]imidazol-2-yl)binaphthyl (CNPIBN) have been synthesized. The said molecules show high photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ s/f : NPIBN-0.75/0.68, CNPIBP-0.85/0.76, and CNPIBN-0.90/0.88). The fabricated nondoped/doped device with CNPIBN/4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl: CNPIBN display maximum efficiencies (η ex 4.96/5.4%; η c 7.46/7.56 cd A –1 ; η p 6.85/6.91 lm W –1 ) at low turn-on voltage (3.5/3.8 V). Nondoped devices based on D−π–A architecture, 4-(2-(5-(9 H -carbazol-9-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-1 H -phenanthro[9,10- d ]imidazol-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile exhibit maximum efficiencies (η ex 2.32%; η c 4.00 cd A –1 ; η p 3.42 lm W –1 ) compared to 4-(2-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)-1 H -phenanthro[9,10- d ]imidazol-1-yl)naphthalene-1-carbonitrile (η ex 2.01%; η c 3.89 cd A –1 ; η p 3.15 lm W –1 ).

Efficient blue emitters, 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzodioxinyl)-2-naphthylphenanthroimidazole, 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzodioxinyl)-2-methoxynaphthylphenanthroimidazole and 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzodioxinyl)-2-pyrenylphenanthroimidazole have been reported.

No abstract

The CADPPI:Ir(ppy)3 device exhibits L – 90 12 cd m−2; ηex – 18.8%; ηc − 27.3 cd A−1; ηp – 29.8 lm W−1; CIE (0.30, 0.60).

The Cz-DEPVI device showed high efficiencies of L: 13955 cd m−2, ηex: 4.90%, ηc: 6.0 cd A−1, ηp: 5.4 lm W−1 and CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.06) at 2.8 V.

No abstract

The clustering approach can improve wireless sensor network parameters such as lifetime enhancement, load balancing, reliable communication, and fault tolerance. The Cluster head in the cluster is responsible for reliable data transmission between node and sink or base station. Selecting suitable cluster heads and establishing an optimal path for data transmission is the main objective of this research work. Fuzzy-based clustering based on cluster head selection, optimized routing using particle swarm optimization (PSO), adaptive whale optimization algorithm (AWOA) are presented in this research work. Fuzzy logic considers the parameters like the distance between base station to node, node centrality, node degree, and residual energy for cluster head selection. The optimization model obtains an optimized node for routing from the selected cluster heads. In terms of network lifetime, delay, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, and energy efficiency, simulation analysis of the proposed model is compared to conventional routing algorithms such as bacteria foraging optimization (BFO), Tree-based data gathering (TBDG) algorithm, Immune inspired routing (IIR), Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), and Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed (HEED) protocol. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms existing approaches in terms of network lifetime and energy efficiency.

Hybrid organic-inorganic light-emitting diodes were developed with pristine ZnO (2.0 wt%) and Cu-doped ZnO (2.0 wt%) as electron injection layer and iridium(III)-bis-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d] imidazole (acetylacetonate) [Ir(fpnpi) 2 (acac)] as green emissive layer (521 nm). The pristine ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO are deposited at indium tin oxide cathode and emissive layer interface. The electroluminescent performances increased by electron injection layer-Cu-doped ZnO compared with ZnO-based device because Cu-doped ZnO injects electron efficiently result in balanced h + − e − recombination in emissive layer than ZnO-based device. The Cu-doped ZnO (2.0 %) device shows luminance (L) of 10 982 cd/m 2 at 23.0 V (ZnO, 1450 cd/m 2 at 23.0 V).