Project Objectives and OverviewThe objectives of the ENDOW project were to evaluate, enhance and interface wake and boundary layer models for utilization in the design of offshore wind farms. The research is presented in brief below.
BockstigenBockstigen is located to the south-west of the island of Gotland. The wind farm consists of five Wind World 500 kW stall-regulated turbines with a hub height of 41·5 m and D = 37·3 m. There is an offshore mast of 40 m height, a coastal mast of 60 m height and an inland mast of 120 m height. Wind speeds on the offshore mast are measured at four heights with the top anemometer being free of mast shadow effects and two anemometers being available on either side of the mast at the remaining heights. Owing to the wind farm layout, only 226 R. Barthelmie et al.
This paper compares the costs of using concrete foundations against steel monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines, and argues that concrete foundations will be cheaper. Most offshore windfarms have steel monopile foundations, but in Denmark concrete gravity foundations have been used with success. Two projects have tendered for steel monopiles and for concrete foundations and have implemented the concrete foundations that proved cheaper. No project has tendered for both foundation concepts and chosen steel monopiles. Nysted Offshore Windfarm with concrete foundations has the cheapest foundations of any offshore windfarm so far. A conceptual foundation study carried out for the London Array West Offshore Windfarm indicates that the same method and very low-cost foundations as for Nysted can be used. Optimised design of light-weight concrete constructions is the key to low-cost installation. Cheap manufacture can be carried out near the site or at even lower cost in Eastern Europa from where it can be shipped at little extra cost. The main construction of steel monopile foundations will become twice as costly as of concrete gravity foundations, and though installation is more costly for the gravity foundations it seems most likely that tendering between steel monopile and concrete gravity for London Array West will prove concrete considerably cheaper. It is argued that these considerations are to a wide extent generally valid, and also for very large turbines in deeper water. Concrete foundations will in 2006 be installed at Lillegrunden Offshore Windfarm in Sweden, and at Belgian Thornton Bank in 2006–7. So indications are strong that concrete is the future for offshore foundations.
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