Ice loading on Danish wind turbines: Part 2. Analyses of dynamic model test results

Laboratory experiments to study ice-induced vibrations of scaled model structures during their interaction with level ice at different ice velocities

“…As ice-induced vibrations are determined by the crushing failure, different laboratory studies have been performed to explain the crushing failure in relation to ice-induced vibrations; see e.g., Määttänen (Määttänen, 1979;Määttänen et al, 2012), Kärnä (Kärnä, 1995;Kärnä et al, 2003aKärnä et al, , 2003b, Toyama et al (1983), Sodhi (2001), Gravesen et al (2005), Barker et al (2005) and Huang et al (2007).…”

Large-scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States. Assessment of Opportunities and Barriers

“…Nevertheless, wind plants installed upstream must be assessed in terms of their effect on downstream wind plants and the resulting impacts on energy capture and structural loads. Understanding and managing "wind rights" and setback requirements could require accurate flow models, new satellite measurement techniques, broader satellite data domains, and better weather prediction tools and methods (Gravesen et al 2005). In Europe, some researchers have begun using satellite images to determine the extent of the wake behind operating offshore wind plants.…”

Research on short-term dynamic ice cases for dynamic analysis of ice-resistant jacket platform in the Bohai Gulf

“…(1) is generated based on the in-field data, which gives the PSD of the ice force in the Bohai Gulf. Gravesen et al [11] also studied the site-specific ice load which is suitable for the Danish wind turbines based on the dynamic model test. In order to extrapolate the model test results to the design of the wind turbines, the authors of Ref.…”

“…In order to extrapolate the model test results to the design of the wind turbines, the authors of Ref. [11] made a great effort and a further study. There is an essential difference between the ice load used in this paper and that in Ref.…”

“…Refs. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]). The main reason for the reduction in the ice force is that a well-designed cone can change the ice failure mode from crushing to bending.…”