RESUMO -O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de se avaliarem as características morfogênicas e estruturais de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés, submetido a quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80 e 120 mg/dm 3 ) e três regimes de desfolhação (três, quatro e cinco folhas completamente expandidas), em um esquema fatorial 4 x 3. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com os tratamentos dispostos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Após desbaste, foram mantidas três plantas por vaso com capacidade de 5,8 dm 3 . As plantas receberam adubação fosfatada e potássica, de acordo com análise de fertilidade do solo. A adubação nitrogenada, via solução aquosa, foi parcelada em quatro aplicações. Quando apresentaram número de folhas expandidas indicador de corte, as plantas foram colhidas a 5 cm do solo, iniciando-se as avaliações das características morfogênicas e estruturais. Os resultados indicaram que o nitrogênio tem efeito sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais e sobre a produção de MS, com exceção da MS radicular. Observou-se incremento de até 37% na taxa de alongamento (cm/dia) para a mais elevada dose de N (120 mg/dm³ ) em relação ao tratamento sem adubação nitrogenada. A freqüência de corte influenciou a taxa de alongamento foliar, o filocrono, o comprimento final da lâmina, o número de folhas vivas por perfilhos, a taxa de senescência e o teor matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz.Palavras-chave: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés, forrageira, matéria seca, morfogênese Morphogenetic and Structural Characteristics of Xaraésgrass Submitted to NitrogenFertilization and Defoliation ABSTRACT -The morphogenetic and structural traits of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés submitted to the treatment combinations of four nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg/dm 3 ) and three defoliation frequencies (two, four and five completely expanded leaves) were evaluated according to a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, with the treatments arranged as factorial combination. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. After thinning, three seedlings were left per pot (5,8 dm 3 ). The phosphate fertilization was performed according to the soil fertility. The pots were fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, according to soil fertility. Nitrogen fertilization was split in four applications and applied in aqueous solution. When the plants reached the number of expanded leaves (defoliation moment), they were cut at 5 cm height from soil level before evaluation of morphogenetic and structural traits in the aftermath. Significant nitrogen effect was observed on morphogenetic and structural characteristics of xaraésgrass and on DM yield, except on root DM. Leaf elongation rate (LER) increased linearly up to 37% at the N rate of 120 mg/dm³. Defoliation influenced leaf elongation rate, phyllochron, blade length, number of live leaves per tiller, senescence rate and dry matter yield of shoot and root.
RESUMO -O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfogênicas de Panicum maximum xPanicum infestum cv. Massai submetido a quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80 e 120 mg/dm 3 ) e três regimes de desfolhação (três, quatro e cinco folhas completamente expandidas), em um esquema fatorial 4 x 3, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Após semeadura, transplantio e desbaste, três plantas permaneceram em vasos com capacidade para 5,8 dm 3 de solo. As adubações fosfatada e potássica foram realizadas de acordo com os resultados da análise do solo. A adubação nitrogenada, via solução aquosa, de acordo com os tratamentos experimentais, foi parcelada em quatro vezes. Quando as plantas apresentavam o número de folhas expandidas indicador da desfolhação, foram colhidas e avaliadas quanto às características morfogênicas. Ao findar o período experimental, as plantas foram colhidas e levadas à estufa, para determinação do teor de MS.A taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) aumentou linearmente até 64% na dose de 120 mg/dm 3 de N, em comparação à ausência de nitrogênio. O filocrono reduziu com a adubação nitrogenada. A produção de MS da parte aérea do capim-massai e a relação lâmina:colmo aumentaram linearmente com as doses de N e a redução do número de folhas expandidas antes da colheita.Palavras-chave: forragem, matéria seca, morfogênese, Panicum maximum x Panicum infestum, raiz Morphogenetic and structural characteristics responses of massaigrass under nitrogen fertilization and defoliationABSTRACT -This work was carried out to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the hybrid Panicum maximum x Panicum infestum cv. Massai in response to four nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg/dm 3 ) and three defoliation intervals (two, three and four completely expanded leaves), in a 4 x 3 factorial treatment combination. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse according to a completely randomized design, with four replications. Sowing was achieved in plastic tray filled with sand and seedlings were transplanted to pots with 5.8 dm 3 of soil. Pots were thinned to three plants/pot. The phosphate and potash fertilization was accomplished according to soil fertility analysis. The nitrogen fertilization was split in four applications in aqueous solution, according to the experimental doses. As the plants presented the number of expanded leaves, indicating their defoliation interval, they were harvested to 5 cm from soil level; this harvest marked the beginning of the evaluation period of the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the grass. At the end of these evaluations, the plants were harvested, dried and weighted. Nitrogen fertilization doses had marked effects on the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Massaigrass, as well as on its shoot dry weight. Leaf elongation rate (TAlF) showed linear increase of 64% to N doses. The phyllochron decreased as nitrogen dose increased. Shoot dry matter weight and lamina:stem ratio increased linearly wit...
RESUMO -Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito de três freqüências de pastejos (28, 38 e 48 dias) sobre a massa de forragem, a taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca (MS) e a relação folha:haste (F:H) em Tanzânia e Mombaça, no período de setembro de 1995 a maio de 1996. O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela representada pela freqüência de pastejo e as sub-parcelas pelos períodos do ano. A massa de forragem por pastejo foi maior quando a freqüência de pastejo foi menor, porém não teve efeito sobre a taxa de acúmulo de MS nos cultivares Tanzânia e Mombaça. A taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca para os dois cultivares foi maior em janeiro/fevereiro; portanto, nesta época, deve-se trabalhar com freqüências de pastejo ou lotações mais elevadas. A relação folha:haste dos dois cultivares foi baixa, principalmente durante a fase reprodutiva, indicando que se deve trabalhar com freqüências de pastejo mais elevadas (pastejos a cada 28 dias ou menos), a fim de controlar o desenvolvimento das hastes.Palavras-chave: massa de forragem, relação folha:haste, taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca Effects of Grazing Frequency and Season of the Year on Yield and Quality of Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzania e MombaçaABSTRACT -Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of three grazing frequencies (28, 38 and 48 days) on forage mass, dry matter (DM) accumulation rate and leaf:stem ratio in Tanzania and Mombaça, from September 1995 to May 1996 period. A split plot experimental design was used, with grazing frequency as main plots and period of the year as subplots. The forage mass per grazing was greater when the grazing frequency was small, however did not have an effect on the DM accumulation in the Tanzania and Mombaça cultivars. The rates of forage accumulation for the two cultivars were greater in January/February; so we should work with greater grazing frequency or stocking rate. The leaf:stem ratio of the two cultivars was small, mainly during the reproductive phase, indicating that we should work with greater grazing frequency (grazing at each 28 days or less) in order to control the stems development.Key Words: forage mass, leaf:stem ratio, dry matter accumulation rate Rev. bras. zootec., v.28, n.2, p.244-249, 1999 1 Mestre em Agronomia pela ESALQ/USP. Bolsista da CAPES. 2 Professor Titular do Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP. Introdução As cultivares Tanzânia e Mombaça da espéciePanicum maximum foram lançadas comercialmente em 1990 e 1993, respectivamente, pelo Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte (CNPGC) da EMBRAPA. No entanto, suas características ainda são pouco conhecidas e mais estudos são necessários para melhor determinar suas exigências quanto ao manejo e à fertilidade de solo.O potencial forrageiro dessas cultivares pode ser verificado por meio dos resultados obtidos durante a avaliação dos acessos no CNPGC. A cultivar Mombaça produziu 41 t/ha.ano de MS, apresentando, em média, 81,9% de folhas, 13,4% de proteína bruta nas folhas e 9,7% nos colmos. Já a cu...
-Two cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rich) Stapf. (Syn. Urochloa) were evaluated for their adaptation to water deficit and the stress response mechanisms in a greenhouse experiment. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks with a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. The Marandu and BRS Piatã cultivars were evaluated under two water availability conditions, with or without water restriction. The harvests were carried out 0, 7, 14 and 28 days after the start of water restriction. For both cultivars, the water deficit stress caused a reduction in shoot biomass and leaf area and an increase in the percentage of roots in the deeper soil layers. The B. brizantha cv. Marandu reached critical levels of leaf water potential in a shorter period of water restriction than did the B. brizantha cv. BRS Piatã. The osmoregulation and deepening of the root system are mechanisms of adaptation to water stress observed in both Marandu and BRS Piatã cultivars. Besides that, the Marandu cultivar also increases its leaf senescence and, consequentially, decreases its leaf area, as a response to water deficit.
In this study, the microclimate changes in silvopastoral systems are quantified at different time and spatial scales and compared with single-pasture systems. The study was conducted in a silvopastoral system in São Carlos, Brazil (22°01' South and 47°53' West). The silvopastoral system consisted of grass pastures [Urochloa (sin. Brachiaria) decumbens cv. Basilik] lined with strips of native trees spaced at 17 m. Continuous microclimate measurements (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and incident photosynthetically active radiation) were carried out from September 2010 to September 2012 at two positions of the silvopastoral system (2.0 and 8.5 m from the rows of trees) and at a pasture under full sunlight, located in an adjacent area. The soil moisture was monitored weekly from 24 March 2010 to 1 April 2012 at distances of 0.0, 2.0, 4.75, and 8.5 m from the rows of trees. The rows of native trees reduced wind speeds (46% reduction) and changed the photosynthetically active radiation incidence pattern on the pasture (up to 40% reduction of incidence at the point nearest to the trees). The combined action of these factors promoted thermal and air humidity changes on the pasture at the different points measured. With respect to soil moisture, there was greater soil moisture removal at the sampling points near the rows of native trees under the silvopastoral system, mainly due to enhanced exploration by tree roots at greater depths in dry spells or early dry periods, when compared with the midpoints between the rows.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar características morfogenéticas e taxa de acúmulo de forragem em pastos de capim-Mombaça submetidos a três intervalos de pastejo (28, 38 e 48 dias) entre outubro de 1995 e setembro de 1996. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Foram avaliadas as taxas de alongamento e senescência foliar, a taxa de alongamento das hastes, a densidade populacional de perfilhos e a altura do pasto. Essas informações permitiram estimar a taxa de acúmulo líquido de matéria seca. A taxa de alongamento de hastes e folhas seguiu comportamento estacional, sendo mais elevada nos meses de maior temperatura e precipitação. A taxa de senescência foliar foi maior com 48 dias de intervalo de pastejo e praticamente nula entre maio e setembro. O cultivar Mombaça deve ser pastejado com, aproximadamente, 28 dias no período de outubro a maio e 48 dias entre maio e setembro. O manejo do capim-Mombaça não pode ser orientado apenas pelos valores de taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca, sendo necessários estudos sobre as perdas de pastejo e os efeitos da presença das hastes na eficiência de pastejo, consumo e qualidade de forragem, a fim de se determinar melhor o manejo deste capim.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are being increasingly viewed as valuable tools to aid the management of farms. This kind of technology can be particularly useful in the context of extensive cattle farming, as production areas tend to be expansive and animals tend to be more loosely monitored. With the advent of deep learning, and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in particular, extracting relevant information from aerial images has become more effective. Despite the technological advancements in drone, imaging and machine learning technologies, the application of UAVs for cattle monitoring is far from being thoroughly studied, with many research gaps still remaining. In this context, the objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to determine the highest possible accuracy that could be achieved in the detection of animals of the Canchim breed, which is visually similar to the Nelore breed (Bos taurus indicus); (2) to determine the ideal ground sample distance (GSD) for animal detection; (3) to determine the most accurate CNN architecture for this specific problem. The experiments involved 1853 images containing 8629 samples of animals, and 15 different CNN architectures were tested. A total of 900 models were trained (15 CNN architectures × 3 spacial resolutions × 2 datasets × 10-fold cross validation), allowing for a deep analysis of the several aspects that impact the detection of cattle using aerial images captured using UAVs. Results revealed that many CNN architectures are robust enough to reliably detect animals in aerial images even under far from ideal conditions, indicating the viability of using UAVs for cattle monitoring.
RESUMO -Amostras simulando o pastejo de capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq.) irrigado sob três resíduos pós-pastejo (baixo, médio e alto) foram coletadas ao longo de um ano e analisadas para a determinação da composição protéica e dos carboidratos, e das frações protéicas e de carboidratos (CNCPS). O teor de NDT foi calculado. Não foi encontrada diferença entre os tratamentos ao longo do ano. Os maiores teores de fibra em detergente neutro -FDN (68,3 a 64,5%) e fibra em detergente ácido -FDA (34,89 a 33,18%) ocorreram no período de primavera/verão. A lignina apresentou maiores proporções no inverno (4,68 a 4,10%), o que provocou variação na fração C dos carboidratos (14,14 a 23,21% dos carboidratos totais Nutriotinal Quality of Irrigated Tanzaniagrass under Three Post Grazed Stubbles IntensitiesABSTRACT-The objective of this work was to determine the chemical composition of irrigated Tanzaniagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). and to validate the Cornell system. Simulated-grazed samples were collected on three periods of the year (spring, summer and fall, totaling 10 grazing cycles) on irrigated paddocks, rotationally grazed to three post grazed stubbles (low, medium and high). Although there were no statistical differences imposed by the treatments during the year, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed higher values in the spring/summer, and lignin in the winter grazing cycles. Along the year the carbohydrate C fraction, TDN and CP varied from 14.14 to 23.21%, 55.26 to 59.31% and 11.29 to 14.61%, respectively. The Nsol, non protein nitrogen (NNP) and nitrogen on ADF (nADF) (as CP%) varied from 18.23 to 28.77%, 24.97 to 35.97% and 6.48% to 11.94%, respectively. The average nitrogen on NDF (nFDN) (as CP%) was 49.1%. From July to September forage quality was the lowest, probably due to the slowest tissue replenishment and flowering tillers accumulation. The N largest proportion (average of 40% of the CP fraction) was recovered in the cell wall, specifically in the B3 fraction, which should be the most important fraction on ruminal fermentation kinetics studies. IntroduçãoA estacionalidade da produção forrageira no Brasil Central é um fenômeno conhecido e estudado, decorrente de uma menor produção de forragem entre os meses de maio a outubro. Isso ocorre devido à redução da precipitação pluvial, da temperatura e da luminosidade nessa época. A estacionalidade de produção, no entanto, também pode ser decorrente de características fisiológicas das plantas. A maioria das plantas tropicais apresenta uma fase reprodutiva, que se inicia em resposta à redução no fotoperíodo. Ocorrendo o florescimento, a planta reduz sua produção e perde qualidade, pois há um aumento da relação haste/folha (Santos et al., 1999).No caso do capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq.), o florescimento se dá após o mês de abril, quando o fotoperíodo passa a ser menor que 12
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