Diagnosis of localised myositis ossificans is difficult in the initial stage. A history of trauma is frequently missing. Clinical symptoms point in the direction of osteomyelitis or soft tissue abscess. Sonotomography is useful for localisation and delineation of the lesion. Biopsy is the only reliable method to establish the diagnosis. Conservative treatment is recommended until the process is inactive. Radiographic follow-up will demonstrate the expected massive calcification and scintigraphic follow-up at 6-monthly intervals will eventually prove the metabolic inactivity of the lesion necessary for successful operation. Surgical removal of the calcified tumor will become necessary in cases of continued pain or significant functional limitations of the involved extremity.
Disruption of the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and endogenous antioxidant defenses leads to oxidative stress, which is related to the appearance of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The antioxidant compounds present in fruits, including phenolic compounds, suggest that high fruit consumption may contribute to counteracting oxidative stress. The antioxidant potential of ten fruits grown in Colombia was evaluated by quantifying the content of total phenolic compounds, as well as their free radical scavenging capacity [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), peroxyl radicals (ROO), and nitric oxide (NO)], the reduction capacity of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the inhibition of the generation of ROS using the 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) method in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Regarding phenolic compounds, the extracts of banana passion and sour guava presented the highest content. These extracts also presented the most potent ferric-reducing ability and the best scavenging activity of DPPH, ABTS, NO, and ROO. Moreover, banana passion, yellow pitaya, and golden berry extracts significantly inhibited the production of ROS on LPS-stimulated macrophages. Our results show that banana passion, yellow pitaya, and golden berry are essential sources of molecules with antioxidant activity and their intake could modulate oxidative stress and consequently could help prevent or reduce the incidence of NCDs.
Chronic inflammation has been recognized as an underlying pathophysiological mechanism in the initiation and progression of noncommunicable diseases, representing a significant morbidity and mortality cause worldwide. The prolonged use of anti-inflammatory drugs has been associated with different adverse effects, so there is a permanent need to develop new drugs to treat these pathologies. The anti-inflammatory potential of 37 extracts coming from 31 plant species from the Colombian Caribbean coast, was evaluated determining their ability to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated macrophages. The most active extracts were evaluated for their effect on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukins 1β and 6 (IL-1β and IL-6) in macrophages. Fifteen extracts showed potent inhibitory activity of the production of NO, being the extracts of Ambrosia cumanensis, Trichilia hirta, Hyptis capitata (leaves and seeds), Mammea americana, and Crateva tapia, the most active extracts. The extracts of A. cumanensis and M. americana were considered promising, which significantly decreased the production of all proinflammatory cytokine evaluated. The species of A. cumanensis and M. americana are a promising source of molecules with anti-inflammatory activity. They should be evaluated in in vivo models of inflammation, as well as perform their fractionation to identify the compounds responsible for the activity.
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