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The fragment momentum distributions in the projectile rest frame are, typically, Gaussian shaped, narrow, consistent with isotropy, depend on fragment and projectile, and have no significant correlation with target mass or beam energy. The nuclear temperature is inferred from the momentum distributions of the fragments and is approximately equal to the projectile nuclear binding energy, indicative of small energy transfer between target and fragment.We present here the first definitive measurements of the momentum distributions for isotopes produced by the fragmentation of heavy-ion beams at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevatron c These results apply to the fragmentation of 12 C nuclei with energies 1.05 and 2.1 GeV/ nucleon, and le O at 2.1 GeV/nucleon. The evaluation of the isotopic production cross sections given by Lindstrom et al. 1 is based on these data. The momentum and cross-section measurements were performed with use of a single-focusing magnetic spectrometer with a half-angle acceptance of 12.5 mrad about zero degrees. 2 Targets were Be, CH 2 , C, Al, Cu, Ag, and Pb. The charge and mass of the fragments were obtained by measuring their rigidity {Pc/Ze), energy loss in solid-state detectors, and time of flight. Particle trajectories were determined with multiplewire proportional chambers. The longitudinal and projected transverse momenta, P" and P ± , were obtained from the rigidity and direction of the particle at the focal plane of the spectrometer. The rigidity range was scanned in 0.

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The single particle inclusive reactions "C + ' C~x + anything (3 (Z & 6) have been studied at 250 MeV/nucleon at nine production angles from 0' to 4'. Production cross sections for most isotopes (Z& 2) were determined. The longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions were constructed. The results at this energy are compared to the data at other energies and to the model of Friedman. It appears that, after the Coulomb effects are separated, there is very little energy dependence in the fragmentation process.

Abstract. Lindström P, Janzon L, Sternby NH

Yields of neutron-rich projectile fragments have been measured at 0° for the reaction of 212-MeV/amu 48 Ca ions on an 890-mg-cnT 2 beryllium target. Fourteen nuclides have been observed for the first time. The systematics of production cross sections are discussed.The limits of stability for nuclei have been established up to sodium and beryllium for protonrich and neutron-rich nuclides, respectively. Recently, the techniques of relativistic heavy-ion fragmentation, 1 deeply inelastic scattering, 2 and spallation induced by high-energy protons 3 have been used to produce neutron-rich nuclei near the limit of particle stability. In this Letter, we present the first experimental evidence for the particle stability of fourteen nuclides, 22 N, 26 F, 33,34 Mg> 36,37 A1> 38,39^ 41,42 p> 43,44^ and 44,45 Cl, produced in the fragmentation of 212-MeV/amu 48 Ca. In addition, the recent observation 2 of 37 Si, 40 P, and 41 ' 42 s is confirmed. Predictions for the masses of neutron-rich light nuclei have been made based on several methods, including iterative techniques such as the modified GarveyKelson relations, 4,5 the liquid-droplet model, 6,7 and large-basis shell-model calculations. 8 The energy levels of such nuclei have also been predicted using the same shell-model calculations. 8 ' 9 From the present experiment it appears that the production cross sections for very neutron-rich light nuclei may be quite sensitive to their detailed nuclear structure.The experimental arrangement used for the present work was similar to that described in Ref. 1. The fragments, which emerge from the reaction at nearly the beam velocity, were detected in a zero-degree magnetic spectrometer with an acceptance of 0.94 msr. A detector telescope consisting of twelve Si(Li) detectors, two position-sensitive Si(Li) detectors (PSD), and a veto scintillator was placed in the focal plane of the spectrometer. Each of the twelve Si(Li) detectors was 5 mm thick and 5 cm in diameter while the PSD's were 500 /xm thick and 6 cm in diameter. The PSD's were arranged to measure horizontal and vertical position with a resolution of ~ 1 mm. The beam current of 48 Ca ions from the Bevalac was ~10 7 particles/sec and was monitored directly with plastic scintillators, an ion chamber, and a scintillator telescope that monitored particles scattered from the target. The target consisted of 890 mg cm" 2 of beryllium and the beam lost approximately 35 MeV/amu passing through it.Combining the spectrometry with the energyloss measurements in the Si(Li) detectors made it possible to measure M and Z unambiguously as described in Ref. 1. The mass resolution obtained was 0.3 amu. The mass-and atomic-number scales were calibrated by use of the direct 48 Ca beam and also beams of 20 Ne and ^Ar of high energy that were progressively degraded to provide a continuous spectrum of 20 Ne and 40 Ar ions stopping in each detector. Since the detector thicknesses were precisely known, it was then possible to use a range-energy table to make an accurate channel-to-energy calibratio...

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