Doxycycline is a synthetic tetracycline compound whose main advantages over tetracycline hydrochloride are increased oral absorption, prolonged serum half-life and decreased gastrointestinal side-effects. The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of doxycycline in gingival fluid and blood after oral administration. 4 volunteers were given doses of 100 mg doxycycline every 12 h on the first day of antibiotic administration followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg per day for an additional 4 days. 3 of these volunteers were also given tetracycline hydrochloride every 6 h for 5 days either 1 month before or after doxycycline administration to compare gingival fluid levels of these 2 tetracycline compounds. Gingival fluid was sampled from 4 gingival sites in each volunteer at hourly intervals from hours 0 to 6, 9, 24, 27, 48 to 54, 57, 72, 75, 96 to 102 and 105. Blood was sampled by finger puncture at hours 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, 54, 72, 96 and 102. Antibiotic levels in gingival fluid and blood were measured using an agar diffusion assay method. The results demonstrated that doxycycline achieved much higher levels in the gingival fluid than in blood and yielded comparable gingival fluid levels to those achieved by tetracycline hydrochloride. Doxycycline levels in gingival fluid ranged between 1.2 micrograms/ml and 8.1 micrograms/ml in the first 24 h and generally achieved 3-10 micrograms/ml after 48 h. Blood levels after 48 h ranged between 2.1 micrograms/ml and 2.9 micrograms/ml. Tetracycline hydrochloride in gingival fluid after 48 h was generally in the range of 4 micrograms/ml-10 micrograms/ml with blood levels between 2.2 micrograms/ml and 3.4 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Most animal models for the study of calculus accumulation and control currently use rodents or dogs. In an effort to overcome limitations inherent in the use of these species, we investigated calculus formation in domestic ferrets, a species used by King et al. in the 1940's and 1950's. Ferrets are much smaller than dogs, and, unlike rodents, can be scored while alive. In this study, we examined the kinetics of calculus formation in female ferrets fed with moist canned cat food--either plain or supplemented with sucrose--and two combinations of mineral salts. An additional group given supplemented cat food was treated twice daily with regular Crest toothpaste. Animals were sedated with a 1:1 mixture of ketamine and xylazine solutions and given a mechanical prophylaxis prior to the trial period, then scored for area and extent of calculus accumulation at two, four, six, and eight weeks thereafter. The data showed that the mineral-supplemented groups accumulated calculus at a significantly faster rate than the unsupplemented or dentifrice-treated groups, but the differences were no longer significant at eight weeks. This demonstrated that the ferret is a suitable model for the study of calculus, that dietary mineral content influenced calculogenesis, and that the application of regular dentifrice initially slowed, but did not prevent, calculus accumulation.
Work performed by King et al. in the 1940's and 1950's, as well as recent studies by our group, have shown that the domestic ferret is a suitable model for the study of calculus formation, offering several advantages over the rodent and dog models in current use. We have demonstrated that mineral supplementation of a moist diet accelerates calculus accumulation, and that twice-daily application of a regular dentifrice slows the initial rate of calculus formation, but permits significant accumulation by the eighth week. The present study compared calculus accumulation in female ferrets receiving mineral-supplemented cat food and a twice-daily application of either Regular Crest toothpaste (Crest), Anti-tartar Crest (Crest-AT), or Anti-tartar Colgate Gold toothpaste (Colg-AT). Animals received an ultrasonic prophylaxis, then were fed once daily for eight weeks with moist canned cat food supplemented with sucrose and mineral salts, and were scored for area and extent of calculus accumulation at four and eight weeks after prophylaxis. The data show that the groups treated with the anti-calculus dentifrices produced significantly less calculus than the group treated with regular dentifrice; the Colg-AT group also exhibited lower scores than did the Crest-AT group, especially at four weeks. These results, similar to those seen in human studies, demonstrate that the ferret is a suitable model for the study of anti-calculus dentifrices.
Twenty-one beagle dogs were treated 12 times per week with either 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.05% CPC plus 0.22% zinc chloride (ZnCl2J, or water. Over seven wk, plaque and gingivitis were reduced by the CPC and CPC plus ZnCl2 treatments, while stain and calculus were greatly reduced only by the CPC plus ZnCl2 treatment.J Dent Res 61(10):1217-1220, October 1982 Introduction.The beagle dog provides a useful model for the study of the progression and early stages of periodontal disease. Attstrom et al. 1 have described the histologic characteristics of normal gingiva in beagle dogs, noting that normal gingiva displayed no gingival fluid flow clinically and relatively few inflammatory cells histologically. These same authors2 have described initial gingivitis in this model. Clinical and histologic evaluation was performed four d after introduction of a soft diet and cessation of rigorous oral hygiene procedures. Gingival crevicular fluid flow increased 20-fold, while the crevicular leukocyte count increased two-fold.The beagle dog has been utilized effectively in evaluating various therapeutic regimens on the development of plaque and gingivitis. Lindhe et al.3 demonstrated that a onceper-day 2% chlorhexidine gluconate topical application led to resolution of an existing gingivitis over a 42-day period. Gaffar et al.4 demonstrated significant reductions in plaque and gingivitis when a regimen of 0.1% aqueous solution of benzethonium chloride was tested versus a water control over a 27-week period. This same model has been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of chlorhexidine in inhibiting plaque accumulation and gingivitis development over a one-year period,5 while another study6 demonstrated that chlorhexidine reduced plaque, gingivitis and alveolar bone loss in beagles over a seven-year period. Unfortunately, while plaque and gingivitis can be reduced by treatment with chlorhexidine or quaternary ammonium compounds, both stain and calculus accumulation remain a problem in the beagle dog4-6 and in man.7,8 Zinc salts have been tested for effects on plaque and calculus deposition in man when used alone9'10 and in combination with antibacterial agents.11,12 While Addey et al.9 showed a small plaque reduction with zinc citrate, Schmidt et al.10 demonstrated that a 0.2% zinc chloride mouthrinse administered over a seven-day period significantly reduced calculus deposition on mylar foils attached to the lingual surface of mandibular incisors.Fischman et al. 1 determined that a 0.5% zinc citrate solution, in combination with 0.125% zinc tribromsalan significantly reduced dental plaque over a three-day period Compton and Beagrie12 found that 0.22% zinc chloride was ineffective in reducing plaque formation when compared to 0.075% benzethonium chloride used as a rinse once per day over a ten-day period. Interestingly, the plaque formation observed with the addition of zinc chloride to benzethonium chloride in this study was comparable to that of the placebo group. This experiment was conducted to comprehensivel...
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