The Effect of Zinc Chloride on the Development of Gingivitis in Beagle Dogs Treated with Cetylpyridinium Chloride

Abstract

Twenty-one beagle dogs were treated 12 times per week with either 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.05% CPC plus 0.22% zinc chloride (ZnCl2J, or water. Over seven wk, plaque and gingivitis were reduced by the CPC and CPC plus ZnCl2 treatments, while stain and calculus were greatly reduced only by the CPC plus ZnCl2 treatment.J Dent Res 61(10):1217-1220, October 1982 Introduction.The beagle dog provides a useful model for the study of the progression and early stages of periodontal disease. Attstrom et al. 1 have described the histologic characteristics of normal gingiva in beagle dogs, noting that normal gingiva displayed no gingival fluid flow clinically and relatively few inflammatory cells histologically. These same authors2 have described initial gingivitis in this model. Clinical and histologic evaluation was performed four d after introduction of a soft diet and cessation of rigorous oral hygiene procedures. Gingival crevicular fluid flow increased 20-fold, while the crevicular leukocyte count increased two-fold.The beagle dog has been utilized effectively in evaluating various therapeutic regimens on the development of plaque and gingivitis. Lindhe et al.3 demonstrated that a onceper-day 2% chlorhexidine gluconate topical application led to resolution of an existing gingivitis over a 42-day period. Gaffar et al.4 demonstrated significant reductions in plaque and gingivitis when a regimen of 0.1% aqueous solution of benzethonium chloride was tested versus a water control over a 27-week period. This same model has been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of chlorhexidine in inhibiting plaque accumulation and gingivitis development over a one-year period,5 while another study6 demonstrated that chlorhexidine reduced plaque, gingivitis and alveolar bone loss in beagles over a seven-year period. Unfortunately, while plaque and gingivitis can be reduced by treatment with chlorhexidine or quaternary ammonium compounds, both stain and calculus accumulation remain a problem in the beagle dog4-6 and in man.7,8 Zinc salts have been tested for effects on plaque and calculus deposition in man when used alone9'10 and in combination with antibacterial agents.11,12 While Addey et al.9 showed a small plaque reduction with zinc citrate, Schmidt et al.10 demonstrated that a 0.2% zinc chloride mouthrinse administered over a seven-day period significantly reduced calculus deposition on mylar foils attached to the lingual surface of mandibular incisors.Fischman et al. 1 determined that a 0.5% zinc citrate solution, in combination with 0.125% zinc tribromsalan significantly reduced dental plaque over a three-day period Compton and Beagrie12 found that 0.22% zinc chloride was ineffective in reducing plaque formation when compared to 0.075% benzethonium chloride used as a rinse once per day over a ten-day period. Interestingly, the plaque formation observed with the addition of zinc chloride to benzethonium chloride in this study was comparable to that of the placebo group. This experiment was conducted to comprehensivel...

Effect of Chlorhexidine-Fluoride Applications Without and With Sr and Zn on Caries, Plaque, and Gingiva in Rats

“…Thus, the present significant trend of plaque reduction in the CXFSZ group, as compared with that in the CXFS group, was in conformity with human data, but Table 2 indicates that there was a discrepancy in the data on caries reduction. The plaque-reducing trend of Zn is in line with the findings in dogs that, when administered with a disinfectant, it tends to reduce plaque and gingivitis (Ritchey et al, 1982).…”

“…Conversely, Zn deficiency in growing rats has been shown to result in elevated caries incidence (Fang et al, 1980), suggesting a post-eruptive need of Zn for enamel maturation. Zinc chloride with the anti-microbial agent, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), has been shown to reduce calculus formation in dogs more than did the CPC alone, while plaque was reduced by both treatments (Ritchey et al, 1982). This study was conducted to test the possible efficacy of supplementation of a chlorhexidine-fluoride combination (Luoma et al, 1978) with Sr or Sr and Zn in preventing caries and plaque in rats.…”

Control of Gingivitis and Calculus by a Dentifrice Containing a Zinc Salt and Triclosan

“…In the present investigation, the favorable anticalculus effects observed are likely to be due to a combination of the antiplaque effect of the triclosan/zinc combination and the anticrystal formation properties of zinc citrate. Ritchie et al 33 have observed less calculus in dogs after applications of mouthrinses containing a zinc salt and quaternary ammonium compounds, and Fischman et al 34 have reported reduced calculus in humans after they had used mouthrinses containing zinc and an antimicrobial agent.…”

The effect of a mouthrinse based on nisin, a bacteriocin, on developing plaque and gingivitis in beagle dogs

“…39, 53, 74 and 88. Clinica] measurements taken at the beginning of the treatment phase included gingival index (Loe & Silness 1963), plaque index (Loe & Silness 1964), and stain index (Ritchey et al 1982). In addition, sites which bled to probing at the mesiobuccal, buccal, and distobiiccal aspects of the premolar teeth were recorded.…”