The purpose of this work was the studying and modeling of the extraction properties of the sorbitol-based natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and sorbitol-based solvents in regard to biologically-active substances (BASs) from Glycyrrhizae roots using theoretical fundamentals based on the laws of statistical physics, thermodynamics, and physical chemistry previously developed by us. In our studies, we used Glycyrrhizae roots, simple maceration, plant raw material:solvent ratio 1:10 w/v, temperature 25 °C, extraction time 24 h; standards of licuroside and glycyram; RP HPLC, differential scanning calorimetry, integral dielectric, impedance and conductivity spectroscopy method of analysis; the following solvents: sorbitol-based NADES sorbitol:malic acid:water (1:1:3 in molar ratio), a modified solvent based on NADES sorbitol:malic acid:water:glycerin (1:1:1:1 in molar ratio) and sorbitol-based solvents sorbitol:ethanol:water at different ratios. It has been found that regression equations for sorbitol-based solvents in coordinates predicted by the theory have a high value of determination coefficient that equals to R2e = 0.993 for glycyram and R2e = 0.976 for licuroside. It has been found that the extraction properties of sorbitol-based NADES with a dielectric constant (ε) equal to 33 ± 2 units are equivalent to those of the sorbitol:ethanol:water solvent with ε = 34 units, and the extraction properties of modified solvent based on NADES with ε = 41 ± 2 units are inferior to those of the sorbitol-ethanol-water solvents with maximum value of BASs yield with the dielectric constant range 40 ÷ 50 units. The theoretical fundamentals suggested provide a possibility for an explanation of the mechanism, quantitative description of the extraction properties of the solvent, and target search of the optimal solvent by its dielectric constant.
Background The dysfunction of the thyroid gland is a common medical condition. Nowadays, patients frequently use medicinal herbs as complementary or alternative options to conventional drug treatments. These patients may benefit from treatment of thyroid dysfunctions with Potentilla alba L. preparations. While it has been reported that Potentilla alba preparations have low toxicity, nothing is known about their ability to affect reproductive functions in patients of childbearing age. Methods Male Wistar rats were orally treated with a thyrotrophic botanical drug, standardized Potentilla alba Dry Extract (PADE), at doses 8 and 40 times higher than the median therapeutic dose recommended for the clinical trials, for 60 consecutive days. Male Wistar rats receiving water (H2O) were used as controls. After completing treatment, half of the PADE-treated and control males were used to determine PADE gonadotoxicity, and the remaining half of PADE-treated and control males were mated with intact females. Two female rats were housed with one male for two estrus cycles. PADE effects on fertility and fetal/offspring development were evaluated. Results Herein, we report that oral treatment of male Wistar rats with PADE before mating with intact females instigated marked effects on male reproductive organs. Treatment significantly decreased the motility of the sperm and increased the number of pathological forms of spermatozoa. Additionally, a dose-dependent effect on Leydig cells was observed. However, these PADE effects did not significantly affect male fertility nor fetal and offspring development when PADE-treated males were mated with intact females. Conclusions PADE treatment of male rates negatively affected sperm and testicular Leydig cell morphology. However, these changes did not affect male fertility and offspring development. It is currently not known whether PADE treatment may affect human male fertility and offspring development. Therefore, these results from an animal study need to be confirmed in humans. Results from this animal study can be used to model the exposure-response relationship and adverse outcomes in humans.
Introduction. The medicine "Flakozid" with hepatoprotective effect has been developed at the VILAR. The drug is presented in dosage form-tablets of 0.1 g for oral drug administrationAim. To analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of "Flakozid" therapy according to clinical laboratory methods, as well as the motility of the gallbladder and bile ducts in patients with diseases of the hepatobiliary system.Materials and methods. The results of clinical studies of "Flakozid" (0.1 g tablets) were analyzed in 99 patients with chronic active hepatitis, chronic stone-free cholecystitis and fatty liver dystrophy, conducted in 2 clinical institutions: Perm State Medical University. Academician E. A. Wagner of the Ministry of Health of Russia and the Central Research Institute of Gastroenterology. "Flakozid" was prescribed against the background of a therapeutic diet (Table No. 5) of 0.1-0.2 g 3 times a day after meals for 32 days and repeated courses (3-5) for 6-12 months. Analysis of the efficacy and safety of "Flakozid" was carried out on the basis of the results of clinical and laboratory studies: general and biochemical blood analysis, general urinalysis, electrocardiogram. To study the motility of the gallbladder and biliary tract, the method of multifractional duodenal probing was used to determine the functional state of the sphincter apparatus of the gallbladder and biliary tract. In cystic and hepatic bile, its biochemical composition was determined. All patients underwent X-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract, liver scanning and hepatography with iodine-131-bengal-roz.Results and discussion. In chronic active hepatitis, chronic stone-free cholecystitis and fatty liver dystrophy the use of "Flakozid" orally in daily doses of 0.3-0.6 g for 25-45 days led to an improvement in the General condition of patients, a decrease in pain in the right hypochondrium, a decrease in dyspeptic disorders, and an improvement in appetite. According to cholecystography, the indicators of concentration and contractility of the gallbladder improved. In terms of the severity of the therapeutic effect, "Flakozid" was not inferior to silibor and carsil, and in some indicators (improvement of the motility of the gallbladder and biliary tract) significantly exceeded them.Conclusions. Treatment of "Flakozid" improved functional state of the liver, reducing the syndrome of cytolysis and cholestasis. "Flakozid" is recommended in clinical practice in the complex treatment of diseases of the hepatobiliary system, such as chronic active hepatitis, chronic stone-free cholecystitis and fatty liver dystrophy.
This review discusses the main methods of breeding material development, the current state, problems and prospects for medicinal and essential oil plants breeding. The relevance of this area has especially increased due to the sanctions, the resulting shortage of medicinal plants and their low quality, which does not meet the requirements of the pharmaceutical industry. To produce a stable plant raw material base, it is necessary to actively develop a breeding process to create new highly productive varieties of medicinal plants resistant to biotic and abiotic environments. In breeding with the use of modern molecular biological methods, related species and generic complexes of the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR) collection can be involved, where there is extensive original genetic material of medicinal, essential oil, rare and endangered species. In the breeding of medicinal and essential oil crops, traditional methods of individual and individual-family selection, polyploidy, chemical mutagenesis and a combination of methods to obtain original breeding material are still promising. VILAR has created more than 90 varieties of medicinal and essential oil crops, most of which have been approved for use throughout the Russian Federation.
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