In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of diseases caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Infections affect plants at different stages of agricultural production. Depending on weather conditions and the phytosanitary condition of crops, the prevalence of diseases can reach 7080% of the total plant population, and the yield can decrease in some cases down to 8098%. Plants have innate cellular immunity, but specific phytopathogens have an ability to evade that immunity. This article examined phytopathogens of viral, fungal, and bacterial nature and explored the concepts of modern plant protection, methods of chemical, biological, and agrotechnical control, as well as modern methods used for identifying phytopathogens.
Temperature is the main exogenous factor that determines the growth, development and productivity of agricultural plants, including seed germination. In this work, we studied the thermosensitivity of heterogeneous dill seeds (Anethum graveolens). The study aimed to study the short-term (1-5 days) effect of high temperature (40°C) on the growth of the embryo and germination of dill seeds formed on different umbels of the mother plant. The growth of the embryo had a significant effect on seed germination (r = 0.976; P < 0.001). Seeds collected from primary umbels have a more developed embryo and can overcome the effects of thermal stress. We also found that the duration of heat exposure at 40°C, leading to a decrease in viability, can vary from 1-5 days for seeds from primary umbels, to 1-2 days for seeds from secondary umbels, which, in our opinion, is due to the heteromorphism. The influence of the place of seed formation on the mother plant and the high temperature during germination is critical for embryo growth and dill seeds’ germination.
Relevance The phenomenon of the different quality of seeds of the sowing seed Eruca sativa, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Brassica juncea by coloring was studied. Color heterogeneity is usually combined with the size and weight of seeds. Methods Research tasks: determine the number of seeds available for coloring in depending on different years of reproduction; identify the best fractions of morphological, physiological and productive qualities; to study the peculiarities of influence on the manifestation of ecological, agrotechnical and hereditary factors heterospermia. Results Seeds with a higher mass of 1000 were predominantly dark in color. The content of total nitrogen in light seeds was 0.2-0.3%, and crude protein was 1.3-1.9% more than dark-colored ones. The distribution of seeds of different colors in batches of different years of reproduction is shown. The best fractions of seeds by morphological, physiological and productive qualities are revealed. It has been shown that productivity and its components are higher in plants grown from seeds of dark color. The correlation of the parameters of seeds of different quality with the weather conditions of the vegetation period is noted. For all three crops, there was a steady increase in the proportion of light seeds with an increase in average daily air temperature (r = 0.59-0.94). The features of the influence of environmental, agrotechnical and hereditary factors on the manifestations of heterospermia are studied. However, the degree of influence of environmental, including agrotechnical factors in some cases turns out to be much stronger. The maximum proportion of dark (most productive) seeds is provided by a combination of optimal weather conditions, agrotechnical methods (early sowing, ripening), seed collection from shoots 1-3 orders of branching and use for sowing the dark fraction of seeds.
A b s t r a c tAllelopathic effects in plants are due to a combination of many adaptive and environmental factors having evolutionary and economic importance. Currently the investigations on the effects of allelopathic substances on seed germination in order to develop new environmentally friendly approach to plant protection against weeds are in progress. The main goal of our experiments was to examine the peculiarities of the seed dormancy induced under the influence of an extract from seeds of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) variety Kentavr and specific overcoming of the dormancy in various vegetable crops -carrot (Daucus carrota L.) variety Rogneda, root parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill.) variety Lyubasha, celery root (Apium graveolens L.) variety Kupidon, lavage (Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch) variety Don Zhuan, coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) variety Yantar', and parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) variety Kulinar. The seeds of tested crops were treated with 15 % aqueous extract from dill seeds at 23 C for 0 (control), 5 and 20 days in the dark. A germination of the treated seed germination was studied in dynamics at different temperature conditions -20 C (control); 3 C; and 3 C (8 hours)/20 C (16 hours). We calculated T ip (initial period, i.e. the time prior to seed germination starts), T wagt (the weighted average germination period, i.e. the time to reach maximum germination rate) and T 50 (the time to reach 50 % germination), measured the embryo length and calculated the temperature coefficient (Q10). It was shown the extract noticeably inhibited the embryo growth and seed germination in the studied crops. After exposure to allelopathic factors for 5 days the seeds of carrots, celery root, parsnip and coriander did not germinate at a standard temperature. The T wagt values exceeded the control by 229-328 %, and the T 50 values were 310-379 % higher. In dill, parsley root and lovage the germinated seeds accounted for 42, 52 and 23 %, respectively. After a 20 day exposure to the allelopathic factor the seeds of celery root, carrots, parsnip and coriander did not germinate whereas in dill and lovage seeds germination delayed by 21 and 22 days. Increasing exposure time resulted in a reduced temperature coefficient (Q 10 ) for embryo growth at different temperatures. Low temperature including constant 3 C and variable (3/20 C) contributed to a partial recovery of these processes in the seeds pre-exposed to allelopathic factor. In this, the T wagt and T 50 increased by 11.7-35.3 days and 11.7-43.1 days, respectively, compared to control. Analysis of a combined effect of the allelopathic factor and temperature evidenced that the inhibition of seed germination influenced by the substances contained in the extract of dill seeds is due to the dormancy phenomenon.Keywords: allelopathy, temperature, seed dormancy, seed germination, growth rate of the embryo, the temperature coefficient (Q 10 ) Allelopathy, based on the chemical interaction, is one of the oldest communications betwee...
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