Kidney stones: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. A case study approach. AbstractThe prevalence of kidney stones is increasing, and approximately 12,000 hospital admissions every year are due to this condition. This article will use a case study to focus on a patient diagnosed with a calcium oxalate kidney stone. It will discuss the structure and function of the affected structures in relation to kidney stones and will describe the pathology of the condition. Investigations for kidney stones, differential diagnosis and diagnosis of kidney stones, possible complications of kidney stones and prognosis of the condition will be discussed. Finally, a detailed account of management strategies of the patient presenting with kidney stones, which will look at pain management, medical procedures and dietary interventions, will be described.

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Hollow microcylinder targets, 200–300 μm in diameter, have been internally irradiated at up to 5 · 1014 W/cm2 with Nd:glass laser pulses directed through an axial entrance slit. The plasma evolution in the interior of the cavities was diagnosed with a pinhole imaging X-ray streak camera and a Nomarski-type interferometer. Plasma collision near the center of the cylinder is observed about 300 ps after the irradiating laser pulse. The experimental results are confirmed by a one-dimensional Eulerian fluid code.

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Cylindrical cavity targets with inner diameters between 200 and 300 μm have been irradiated with 4 J, 80 ps, Nd:glass laser pulses through a 100-μm-wide longitudinal slit. From the spatially resolved temporal and spectral behavior of the x-ray emission along the axis, data on temperature and density of the expanding primary and secondary plasmas and of the region of collision have been obtained.