Kidney stones: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. A case study approach. AbstractThe prevalence of kidney stones is increasing, and approximately 12,000 hospital admissions every year are due to this condition. This article will use a case study to focus on a patient diagnosed with a calcium oxalate kidney stone. It will discuss the structure and function of the affected structures in relation to kidney stones and will describe the pathology of the condition. Investigations for kidney stones, differential diagnosis and diagnosis of kidney stones, possible complications of kidney stones and prognosis of the condition will be discussed. Finally, a detailed account of management strategies of the patient presenting with kidney stones, which will look at pain management, medical procedures and dietary interventions, will be described.

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In response to the survey, the authors propose a set of recommendations to enhance the learning process in large classes. This guidance includes giving clear objectives and requirements to students, encouraging active participation, and sustaining student interest through the use of improved teaching aids and innovative techniques.

In response to the survey, the authors propose a set of recommendations to enhance the learning process in large classes. This guidance includes giving clear objectives and requirements to students, encouraging active participation, and sustaining student interest through the use of improved teaching aids and innovative techniques.

Boyle OK. Anatomical and radiological evaluation of the variation in the branching patterns and morphology of the aortic arch in the irish population-A morphometric study. Int J Anat Var. 2019;12(4): 40-45.Introduction: Anatomical variations of the aortic arch are clinically significant for diagnostic and surgical procedures in the mediastinum. Our objective was to determine the arch morphology and incidence of variant branching patterns in both a cadaveric and patient population.Materials and Methods: 194 CT scans were retrospectively analysed for branching variations and arch type. 18 cadavers were dissected with variations noted.Results: Analysis of scans revealed normal branching in 77.32%, bovine arch pattern in 14.43%, direct origin of the left vertebral artery in 7.73% and a bovine arch with direct origin of the left vertebral artery in 0.52%. A significant correlation (p<0.0001) was found between arch type and age, with the mean age of a type 1 arch 51.1 years, type 2 arch 60.7 years, and type 3 arch 70.7 years. Direct origin of the left vertebral artery was found in one cadaver.Conclusion: Correlation between arch type and age strengthens the concept of age-related unfolding of the aortic arch. A detailed understanding of the branching variations of the arch is important in the disciplines of anatomy, radiology and cardiothoracic surgery. characteristics in both a cadaveric and patient population. Through the use of dissection and computed tomography, clinically relevant morphometric data was gathered which can be applied to both the diagnostic and surgical field.