This paper deals with the relevance of analyzing the necessary development and of proposing a plan for research and remodeling the electrical infrastructures of port facilities. Good energy management principles, as well as electrical distribution architecture have a vital impact on performance of the installed system throughout its life cycle. The ports are the interface of maritime transport and are integrated in the surrounding land. They are required to arrange their electrical power distribution system, possibly in microgrids, that is, as a “utility” system, appropriate and adequate even to power the ship from shore. Harbors must have an energy master plan and their areas have to be considered as a unique customer. The energy management of a port area may be a great business opportunity for the port authority, which until now was not, involving different stakeholders who may benefit from service, including the same power utility company that benefits from the optimization and control of the energy flows
Air pollution regulations are forcing ports all over the world to implement Alternative Maritime Power (AMP) solutions to improve the air quality of port areas. At this aim, the port operators have to provide safe and reliable electrical connections to the docked ships. The IEC/ISO/IEEE 80005-1 standard identifies the global criteria that allow ships from all over the world to connect to the compliant ports. As underlined from the standard itself, the electrical connections shore to ship may generate risks, also considering that the interface area between the shore and the ship is a special location for electric shocks. These concerns regard not only the safety of the operators for ground fault interferences causing transferred touch potentials, but also the integrity of the ship itself that may be subjected to a galvanic corrosion. This paper analyzes the current grounding solutions and proposes the adoption of a TN-island system compliant with the international standard that allows reducing the risks for ship's corrosion due to DC currents and transferred touch potentials
For reducing pollution of ports, since they are frequently very close to residential districts, the docked ships are required to shut down on board generators. There are some solutions in development focused on pollution reduction, such as permissible fuels for docked ship, “scrubbers”, the cold ironing. The cold ironing or shore to ship consists in supplying the ships by the shore electrical systems. The paper deals with a short outline on the cold ironing system and on its usual grounding system. To exploit safety of personnel, protection of equipment and protection against corrosion problems, the authors suggest adopting the TN-island system for the cold ironing
For a variety of reasons, it is becoming an increasingly common requirement for ships to shut down ship generators and connect to high voltage shore power for as long as practicable while in port. Ship electrical equipment shall only be connected to shore supplies that are able to maintain harbor electrical distribution system voltage quality. Voltage drop, which is produced by the possible loading conditions of a ship when connected to a shore supply, may result in unsatisfactory operation of, and damage to, electrical and electronic equipment on board and thus, must be considered in the harbor distribution system design in order to comply with the requirements of international standards. A simple and fast method able to estimate the expected magnitude of voltage drops and provide information about the effectiveness of the various mitigation methods is essential. This paper presents the methodology and results for evaluation of the voltage drops of a practical harbor electrical distribution system with high voltage shore connection (HVSC). The potential voltage drops of the implemented HVSC are quantified using standard analytical formulas. Sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the critical parameters that significantly affect voltage drops. The parameters that have great improvement benefits should have high priority for implementation in other distribution systems with HVSC. The results obtained in this paper can provide engineers with useful information regarding the actual magnitude of voltage drops, as well as on the effectiveness of mitigation options for voltage drops, which would greatly enhance HV shore supply quality
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