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This study was carried out to determine the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and caffeic acid (CA) applications on the root growth index and contents of total anthraquinones (AQs), alizarin, purpurin, total phenolic (TP) and individual phenolic compounds in madder (Rubia tinctorum) roots grown in vitro conditions. For this aim, in vitro adventitious roots derived from internode parts were cultured in Murashige and Skoog media containing two different concentrations of MeJA (10 and 100 µM) and CA (1 and 2 mM) for 7 days. Based on the results, MeJA decreased the root growth index compared to control while CA had a positive influence on the root growth of madder. It may be concluded that 2 mM CA+100 µM MeJA combination was the most suitable application providing the highest AQs and phenolics.

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of salicylic acid (50 µM) on triticale grown under salt stress. In this study, we investigated shoot and root lengths, malondialdehyde, proline, ion leakage, relative water content, chlorophyll content. The results indicated that salicylic acid is quite effective to deal with salt stress. Anatomically shoot (3%) and root lengths (4%), as well as relative water content (12%) and chlorophyll content (9%), were increased by salicylic acid under salt toxicity by comparison to merely the salt application. Moreover, according to the only salt stressed plant, malondialdehyde, proline, and ion leakage were decreased 7%, 26%, 23% respectively by the application of salicylic acid in shoot tissues under salt stress. Similarly, SA decreased malondialdehyde, proline and ion leakage in root tissues under salt stress. Overall our results indicated that salicylic acid can be used for agricultural production of triticale under salt stress.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) applications on growth and accumulation of caffeic acid derivatives (CADs) in shoots and roots grown in vitro. For this aim, 28 days old plants obtained from seeds were cultured in ½ Murashige and Skoog media containing different concentrations of MeJA (0, 10, 50 and 100 μM) and plants were harvested in three times at 15 days intervals. After harvest, growth parameters and CADs in shoot and roots were determined, separately. All growth parameters decreased in line with the elevating level of MeJA applications. But MeJA applications increased the CADs both shoots and roots compared to the controls. The highest cichoric acid, the main CAD of Echinacea, was found in shoots and roots applied with 100 μM MeJA and harvested in 45 days after application.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the total carbohydrate (CHO), minerals and phenolic (total phenolic content, total flavanols, total flavonols, and anthocyanins) of grape and grape products. For this reason, fresh grapes (Kalecik Karası, Öküzgözü, Emir, and Narince), raisins (Karadimrit and Sultani Çekirdeksiz), wines (Kalecik Karası, Öküzgözü, Emir, and Narince), commercial red grape juice, molasses, and vinegar were used as research materials. In conclusion, total CHO contents in the samples were ranged from 0.14 to 48.37 g 100 g-1. In terms of the minerals, molasses was rich in K while the highest contents of P and Fe were found in vinegar. Raisin of Karadimrit contained the highest Ca content among all the samples tested. Not only total phenolic contents but also total flavanols, total flavonols, and anthocyanins were altered depending on the sample types and the varieties. As a result, it was determined that grape and grape products represent a potentially significant source of CHO, minerals, and phenolic.

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