In this study, the effects of boron stress and the application of silicon were investigated on the expression levels of barley homologues of three transporter genes, namely BOR2, PIP1, and PIP1;1, which have potential in transferring boron and silicon into or out of tissues. Boron toxicity in shoot tissues was observed as early as 1-day-long exposure by means of several stress indicators including ion leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H 2 O 2 levels. Elemental analysis showed that presence of Si under B stress reduces tissue B levels, whereas B presence increased Si levels in tissues. Presence of silicon induced BOR2 gene expression in shoots during early stress. Presence of both elements simultaneously increased BOR2 expression in both shoot and root tissues, which might be attributed to element similarity. Expression levels of both aquaporin genes PIP1 and PIP1;1 increased in shoots under short term B and Si applications, and levels were more responsive to B when compared to Si. Similar to BOR2 expression, silicon increased both aquaporin gene expressions in shoot tissues under short term boron stress. Investigation of the response of BOR2 and aquaporin genes under boron stress and in the presence of silicon revealed their sensitivity to silicon and their potential function in transporting silicon into tissues. Based on the present work, stress mitigating effects of silicon can be attributed to the competitive role of silicon for the transport via boron transporters under toxic boron levels.
The goal of this study was to determine the effect of salicylic acid (50 µM) on triticale grown under salt stress. In this study, we investigated shoot and root lengths, malondialdehyde, proline, ion leakage, relative water content, chlorophyll content. The results indicated that salicylic acid is quite effective to deal with salt stress. Anatomically shoot (3%) and root lengths (4%), as well as relative water content (12%) and chlorophyll content (9%), were increased by salicylic acid under salt toxicity by comparison to merely the salt application. Moreover, according to the only salt stressed plant, malondialdehyde, proline, and ion leakage were decreased 7%, 26%, 23% respectively by the application of salicylic acid in shoot tissues under salt stress. Similarly, SA decreased malondialdehyde, proline and ion leakage in root tissues under salt stress. Overall our results indicated that salicylic acid can be used for agricultural production of triticale under salt stress.
In this study, effects of different silicon (Si) concentrations (0.75, 5, 10 mM) on wheat under boron(B) stress, investigated by means of some stress indicators such as tissue length, malondialdehyde (MDA), ion leakage, relative water content (RWC) and total chlorophyll content. Stress mitigating effects of silicon were observed mainly as reductions on membrane damage with reduced MDA concentrations and decreased ion leakage levels. Although necrosis was present on shoot tissues due to the boron stress, no significant change observed on shoot and root length with the application of Si. On the contrary, relative water content (RWC) has changed positively with the implementation of Si under boron stress. Furthermore Si has enhanced RWC level in Si+B co-applicated sets to the level of control plants. Total chlorophyll content increased with the existance of 0.75 and 5 mM Si, while 10 mM Si had no effect on the chorophyll content under boron stress. Overall, silicon was found to have a potential to alleviate boron stress in wheat production.
Rosemary has played an important role from past to present and has antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant properties. With these features, it is used in many sectors, especially food and pharmacy. Rosemary essential oils have a positive effect on biological activity. In addition, this oil prevents lipid oxidation on foods, providing a long and fresh shelf life. Due to the high antioxidant properties of rosemary, it eliminates the harmful effect of reactive oxygen species. Since the main components of rosemary such as 1,8-cineol, camphor, α-pinene, carnosic acid, and carnosol are being antimicrobial and antifungal, it is effective against many pathogens. With this review, it is aimed to provide comprehensive information on the biological activities of rosemary and its extracts to shed light on future research.
Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) is cultivated throughout the year. Thanks to the rich metabolites of its leaves, it has a wide usage area in pharmacy. Cress (Lepidium sativum) is in the group of annual vegetables and has a herbaceous structure. Due to its fragrant and slightly spicy structure, it is a vegetable that is used as an appetizer. Its seeds and green parts are very beneficial for health. Rocket is a short-day plant whose leaves are considered to be rich in many minerals and vitamins. The present research was conducted to investigate the effects of doses of Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) (0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60 mg L -1 on the germination and development of seeds of rocket and cress plants grown in pot experiments. In order to determine the effect of DOT on the development and yield of rocket and cress plants, the percentage of germinated seeds, cotyledon length and dry matter amounts were determined. ANOVA test was used to analyze the data obtained in the present study. Tukey test was used to determine which groups were in significant differences between the groups. Overall, it was seen that there were significant growth differences between the doses used statistically, the particularly 45 mg L -1 application DOT positively affected the germination and dry matter content of rocket and cress seeds.
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