Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is an important viral infection that causes huge economic losses in cattle herds worldwide. However, there is no directly effective antiviral drug application against respiratory viral pathogens; generally, the metaphylactic antibacterial drug applications are used for BRD. Ivermectin (IVM) is currently used as a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent both for veterinary and human medicine on some occasions. Moreover, since it is identified as an inhibitor for importin α/β-mediated nuclear localization signal (NLS), IVM is also reported to have antiviral potential against several RNA and DNA viruses. Since therapeutic use of IVM in COVID-19 cases has recently been postulated, the potential antiviral activity against bovine respiratory viruses including BRSV, BPIV-3, BoHV-1, BCoV and BVDV are evaluated in this study. For these purposes, virus titration assay was used to evaluate titers in viral harvest from infected cells treated with non-cytotoxic IVM concentrations (1, 2.5 and 5 μM) and compared to titers from non-treated infected cells. This study indicated that IVM inhibits the replication of BCoV, BVDV, BRSV and BoHV-1 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro as well as number of extracellular infectious virions, but it has no importantly strong antiviral effect against extracellular shedding of BPIV-3. In addition, it was demonstrated that IVM has no clear effect on the attachment and penetration steps of the replication of the studied viruses. Finally, this study shows for the first time that IVM can inhibit infection of BRD-related viral agents namely BCoV, BVDV, BRSV and BoHV-1 at the concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μM. Consequently, IVM, which is licensed for antiparasitic indications, also deserves to be evaluated as a broad-spectrum antiviral in BRD caused by viral pathogens.
Pigs are the main host species for the pseudorabies virus, while it causes fatal encephalitis in many species including human being. The objective of this article is to report the rst clinical case of pseudorabies as well as isolation and molecular characterization of the virus from a hunting dog in Bursa province, Turkey. The dog showing clinical signs including pruritus and neurological signs as stumbling and inability to stand up compatible with pseudorabies. The virus isolate was obtained from supernatant of fresh tissue samples from cerebellum, cornu ammonis, spleen, salivary gland, and conjunctival swab, as well as serum, and buffy coat samples. The glycoprotein C region is targeted for viral DNA ampli cation. Pseudorabies virus genome was detected both in fresh tissues and supernatants of 3 rd passage on Vero cells. Number of PCR positive samples were dramatically increased after having cell culture inoculations. Genome sequencing revealed that the strain (Bursa-10303) isolated in Turkey where a non-endemic area is for the virus is dropped into clade A. This study con rms the presence of psedorabies infection in the wild life reservoirs in Turkey. Future studies may clarify the importance of the infection for Turkey where there is no common pig production.
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