The number of PCs in our series was small so our data mostly reflects the immunohistochemical characteristics of PAs. Parafibromin expression, galectin-3 negativity, and a Ki-67 proliferation index under 1% were estimated as beneficial in the differential diagnosis of difficult parathyroid tumors.

Even though the etiology of caudal regression syndrome (CRS) and sirenomelia remains unknown we tend to believe that sirenomelia and CRS might be different entities.

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PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy of myo-inositol (MI) pretreatment in OHSS.MethodsIn this experimental OHSS rat model, 42 immature Wistar albino female rats were divided into 6 groups: (1) the control group, (2) the ovarian stimulation group, (3) the OHSS group, (4) the OHSS + Metformin group, (5) OHSS + MI group, (6) OHSS + Metformin + MI group. OHSS was established after treatment with metformin and myo-inositol for 14 days, in the meanwhile the treatment of metformin and myo-inositol was also continued. All animals were killed 48 h after hCG administration and were compared in terms of vascular permeability, ovarian weight and diameter, ovarian VEGF, COX-2 and PEDF expression (immunohistochemistry), serum PEDF and estradiol (E2) levels.ResultsVascular permeability, VEGF and COX-2 expressions were reduced in animals treated with MI and/or metformin. While PEDF expression was increased in the groups taking metformin, there was no difference in PEDF expression in the group taking MI and OHSS group. There was no significant difference in serum PEDF levels between groups. Blood E2 levels were decreased in groups treated with MI or metformin compared to the OHSS group.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that myo-inositol is effective in preventing OHSS, similar to metformin. Although the two drugs are thought to act through distinct mechanisms, there is no apparent benefit to co-treatment with both drugs in an animal model of OHSS. Administration of myo-inositol prior to IVF treatment may favor the control of ovulation induction. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action and further support our findings.

Letrozole and cabergoline were equally effective to prevent OHSS, reducing the ovarian diameter, VP, and PEDF and VEGF levels to similar extents.

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Background: Sarcoidosis is known as a T helper 1 lymphocyte (Th1-Ly) mediated disease which can imitate or sometimes accompany many primary rheumatic diseases. The purpose of this study is to share the clinical, demographic and laboratory data of patients presenting with rheumatologic manifestations and diagnosed with sarcoidosis. Methods: A total of 42 patients (10 men) were included in the study. The patients were admitted to the rheumatology outpatient clinic for the first time with different rheumatic complaints between November 2011 and May 2013 and were diagnosed with sarcoidosis after relevant tests. Clinical, demographic, laboratory, radiological and histological data of these patients were collected during the 18-month follow-up period and then analyzed. Results: Mean patient age was 45.2 years (20-70 years) and mean duration of disease was 3.5 years (1 month-25 years). Evaluation of system and organ involvement revealed that 20 (47.6%) patients had erythema nodosum, 3 (7.1%) had uveitis, 1 (2.3%) had myositis, 1 (2.3%) had neurosarcoidosis, 32 (76.2%) had arthritis and 40 (95.2%) had arthralgia. Of the 32 patients with arthritis, 28 (87.5%) had involvement of the ankle, 3 (9.4%) had involvement of the knee and 1 (3.2%) had involvement of the wrist. No patient had cardiac involvement. Thoracic computed tomography scan showed stage 1, 2, 3 and 4 sarcoidosis in 12 (28.5%), 22 (52.4%), 4 (9.5%) and 4 (9.5%) patients, respectively. Histopathology of sarcoidosis was verified by endobronchial ultrasound, mediastinoscopy and skin and axillary biopsy of lymphadenopathies, which revealed noncaseating granulomas. Laboratory tests showed elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in 15 (35.7%) patients, elevated serum calcium level in 6 (14.2%) patients and elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in 2 (4.7%) patients. Serological tests showed antinuclear antibody positivity in 12 (28.5%) patients, rheumatoid factor positivity in 7 (16.6%) patients and anticyclic citrullinated antibody positivity in 2 (4.8%) patients. Conclusion: Sarcoidosis can imitate or accompany many primary rheumatic diseases. Sarcoidosis should be considered not simply as an imitator but as a primary rheumatic pathology mediated by Th1-Ly. New studies are warranted on this subject.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease characterized by hilar lymphadenopathy, involvement of internal organs, and diverse skin lesions. Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by skin hardening and different internal organ fibrosis, including vascular abnormality. Immune response associated with Th-2 has been shown in the early and active stage of the disease. In this paper, we report coexistence of systemic sclerosis with sarcoidosis in a female patient presenting with granulomatous dermatitis, interstitial lung disease, and Raynaud's phenomenon complaints.