The main function of drip irrigation is to meet consumptive water use requirements of a crop within certain hydraulic and uniformity conditions. In this study, a graphical method was evaluated for determining lateral and manifold pipe diameters to obtain water distribution with an acceptable uniformity in drip irrigation. It was suggested that pipe diameters should be selected when Christiansen's uniformity coefficient, C u , was equal to or greater than 98 and 97.5% for lateral and manifold pipelines, respectively. Design charts for which uniformity coefficients could be directly found were prepared for commonly used lateral and manifold pipe diameters.

No abstract

A field study was conducted in Ankara, a semi-arid region of Central Anatolia, Turkey. Yuva and Cantaloupe Sally F 1 melon cultivars (Cucumis melo L.) were irrigated by drip method from transplanting to the beginning of the flowering (I f), fruit set (I fs), ripening (I r), and harvest (I h), and included a non-irrigated treatment (I 0). Growth, yield, and fruit quality parameters in response to the duration of irrigation season were determined. The number of shoots and female flowers per plant, shoot length, and titratable acidity in Cantaloupe were lower than in Yuva, while similar total soluble solids content of fruit flesh was obtained in both cultivars. Irrigation application provided for an increase in the fruit number per plant, fruit size, fruit weight, and yield, and resulted in a decrease in total soluble solids and the ratings of sensory characteristics compared with non irrigated treatments in both cultivars, but these increases and decreases in the above parameters could not be correlated with the increase in the duration of the irrigation season, hence the amount of seasonal irrigation water. The highest yields were obtained in I r treatment in Yuva and in I r and I h treatments in Cantaloupe. Continuing irrigation during fruit ripening furthered shoot growth in both cultivars, did not affect yield in Cantaloupe, and remarkably reduced yield in Yuva. Irrigation from the stage of transplanting until the beginning of fruit ripening was suggested as well for both cultivars with regard to considerably high yield and high fruit quality. In this irrigation program, irrigation water amounts of 388.3-441.4 mm were applied, seasonal evapotranspiration of 499.0-587.1 mm was found, and a yield per plant of 6105-6206 g in Yuva and 7533-7878 g in Cantaloupe was obtained.

Özet : Bu çal ış mada, 1993-1995 y ı lları aras ı nda, Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ara ştı rma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde bulunan elma bahçesinde, Starkspur Golden Delicious çe ş idi elma ağaçları , damla, a ğaç alt ı mikro ya ğ murlama ve yüzey sulama yöntemleri ile sulanm ış , on günlük periyotlar için bitki su tüketimleri ölçülmü ş , dlçülen değerler baz ı su tüketimi tahmin e ş itlikleri ile hesaplanan de ğerlerle karşı laşt ı r ı lm ıştı r. Sonuçta, yüzey sulama yöntemine oranla, damla sulamada °A 17.2-29.3 (ort. % 23) ve a ğ aç altı mikro ya ğmurlama sulamada % 8.0-18.1 (art. % 13) kadar daha dü ş ük su tüketimleri elde edilmi ştir. Genel olarak, Radyasyon (FAO) yönteminin sa ğ l ı kl ı bitki su tüketimi tahminleri verdiğ i bulunmuştur. Solar radyasyon de ğerlerinin bulunmad ığı koş ullarda bitki su tüketiminin Hargreaves yöntemiyle hesaplanmas ı önerilmiştir. Bu yöntemlere ili ş kin bitki katsay ı ları verilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler : Elma ağacı , damla sulama, a ğaç alt ı mikro ya ğ murlama sulama, yüzey sulama, bitki su tüketimi Evapotranspiration of Apple Trees for Different Irrigation MethodsAbstract : In this study, Starkspur Golden Delicious apple trees, in the apple orchard of the Research and Application Farm of Agricultural Faculty, University of Ankara, were irrigated by drip, under-tree micro sprinkler, and surface methods during the years between 1993 and 1995. The decade evapotranspiration values were measured and these values were compared with the values calculated by some estimating methods of evapotranspiration. As a result, the measured evapotranspiration values were lower 17.2-29.9 % (avg. 23 %) in drip irrigation and 8.0-18.1 % (avg. 13 %) in under-tree micro sprinkler irrigation than those in surface irrigation. Radiation (FAO) method gaye more suitable estimation of evapotranspiration. Hargreaves method was suggested to calculate evapotranspiration when solar radiation data were not available. Crop coefficients for these estimation methods were giyen.

Özet : Bu çal ış mada, Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ara şt ı rma ve Uygulama Çiftliğindeki meyve bahçesi model al ı narak, farkl ı dikim aral ı kları ndaki meyve ağaçları , farkl ı bahçe büyükiükleri ve de ğ işik özellikteki su kayna ğı koşullar ı için damla ya da damla yöntemiyle yeterli ı slatma oran ı n ı n elde edilemedi ğ i durumda a ğ açalt ı mikro yağ murlama sulama sistemleri planlanm ış , sistem unsurları boyutland ı rı lm ış ve birim alan sistem debileri ile sulama sistemlerine ili şkin değ iş ik maliyet unsurlar ı elde edilmi ştir. Sonuçta, birim alan sistem debileri 0.6-1.8 Us/ha aras ı nda bulunmuş , 10 da dan itibaren sistem debileri aras ı nda önemli farkl ı l ı k gözlenmemiş ve 5 da alan için bu de ğ erler diğerlerine oranla % 80.0-116.7 daha yüksek olmu ştur. Birim alana dü şen y ı ll ı k toplarn masraflar, bahçe büyüklü ğü artt ı kça azalm ış , 50 da dan itibaren bu azalma önemli düzeyde oimam ıştı r. Bu de ğerler ayr ı ca, a ğ aç dikim araliklar ı artt ı kça azalm ış, ancak, su kayna ğı dinamik yüksekli ğ i artt ı kça art ış göstermi ştir. Y ı ll ı k toplam masraflar içerisinde sabit, iş letme, enerji, bak ı m-onarı m ve sulama i şçiliğ i masrafları n ı n pay ı , s ı ras ı yla, % 92.8-97.6, % 2.4-7.2, % 0.0-4.5, % 0.9-1.0 ve % 0.8-2.5 aras ı nda kalm ışt ı r.Anahtar Kelimeler : Meyve bahçesi, mikro sulama sistemi, damla sulama, a ğaçaltı mikro ya ğ murlama, sistem debisi, sistem maliyeti Economical Comparison of Micro irrigation Systems for OrchardsAbstract : In this study, drip or under-tree micro sprinkler systems (when available wetting ratio can not be obtained with drip systems) were designed for different fruit trees, orchard areas and characteristics of water resource by taking the orchard in the Experiment Farm of Agricultural Faculty, University of Ankara, into consideration and unit system capacity and different system cost elements ware obtained. As a result, unit system capacities ware found between 0.6 and 1.8 Us/ha and these values were higher as 80.0-1116.7% in the 5 da orchards than the other orchard areas. The annual total costs for unit area decreased with increasing in orchard area up to 50 da and this decrease was not significant for the areas more than 50 da. In addition, annual total costs decreased with increasing planting intervais and increased with increasing dynamic height of water resource. The shares of annual fixed, operational, energy, maintenance, and irrigation labor costs in annual total costs were 92.8-97.6, % 2.4-7.2, % 0.0-4.5 %, 0.9-1.0 %, and 0.8-2.5 %, respectively.