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Fasciola gigantica liver flukes are responsible for over 3 billion US dollars of production loss annually in farmed livestock and cause widespread zoonotic disease. Nevertheless, the understating of the emergence and spread of the trematode species is poor. The multiplicity of F. gigantica infection and its spread is potentially influenced by multiple factors, including the abundance of suitable intermediate hosts, climatic conditions favoring the completion of the parasite's lifecycle, and translocation of infected animals or free-living parasite stages between regions. Here we describe the development of a 'tremabiome' metabarcoding sequencing method to explore the numbers of F. gigantica genotypes per infection and patterns of parasite spread, based on genetic characteristics of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 1 (mt-ND-1) locus. We collected F. gigantica from three abattoirs in the Punjab and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan, and our results show a high level of genetic diversity in 20 F. gigantica populations derived from small and large ruminants consigned to slaughter in both provinces. This implies that F. gigantica can reproduce in its definitive hosts through meiosis involving cross-and self-breeding, as described in the closely related species, Fasciola hepatica. The genetic diversity between the 20 populations derived from different locations also illustrates the impact of animal movements on gene flow. Our results demonstrate the predominance of single haplotypes, consistent with a single introduction of F. gigantica infection in 85% of the hosts from which the parasite populations were derived. This is consistent with clonal reproduction in the intermediate snail hosts.

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Ostrich farming is a new emergent in avian production throughout the globe from the last few years which can open new vistas for development for its delicious meat, feathers and the hide. Pakistan being independent in cheap labor and cheap feed can easily set up ostrich farms of high production potential in the country. Ostrich is gaining popularity in Pakistan and there are many farmers who are rearing ostrich at small scale in various parts of the country. Demand for meat (healthy meat), fat/oil, hide, eggs, feathers and other products is increasing day by day in Pakistan. However, ostrich producers are only meeting 10% of the customers demand. Therefore, it is high time to capture our share in the local and international market. Major clients for meat are Super Stores, Meat Markets, Restaurants and hotels.

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