Current methods for the detection of Plasmodium parasite species infecting humans

Slater, Lucinda; Ashraf, Shoaib; Zahid, Osama; Ali, Qasim; Oneeb, Muhammad; Akbar, Muhammad Haroon; Riaz, Muhammad Ilyas; Afshan, Kiran; Sargison, Neil; Chaudhry, Umer

doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100086

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The first RDT was developed in the 1990s and quickly became essential for managing, controlling, and eliminating malaria worldwide [ 13 , 14 ]. However, RDTs have limitations when detecting asymptomatic or low-density infections as well as those from parasite strains that have deletions in the genes encoding HRP2 or HRP3, its structural homologue [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, PCR is highly sensitive (2–5 parasites/μL) compared with RDTs (>100 parasites/μL) and microscopy (50–500 parasites/μL) [ 19 , 20 ]. Therefore, PCR is increasingly used for quality control and are useful tools for epidemiological studies mapping sub-microscopic malaria [ 15 , 21 ]. However, PCR is expensive, require qualified personnel, and have a long turn-around time; thus, they are impractical for use in the field or clinical settings, particularly in resource-limited countries [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Rapid Diagnostic Test, Microscopy, and Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in a Low-Transmission Area, Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

2022

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This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the performances of a rapid diagnostic test (RDT)—the AllTest Malaria p.f./p.v., microscopy, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosing Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 400 febrile patients from a low-transmission region (Jazan) in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Diagnostic performance of all three methods was compared using microscopy and nested PCR as reference methods. Overall, 42 (10.5%), 48 (12.0%), and 57 (14.3%) samples were found positive by microscopy, RDT, and PCR, respectively. With PCR as reference method, the RDT showed higher sensitivity (79% vs. 71.9%), similar specificity (99.1% vs. 99.7%), and better NLR (0.20 vs. 0.27) and area under the curve (89.0% vs. 85.8%) than microscopy. The sensitivity of RDT and microscopy decreased as age increased, and false negatives were associated with low parasite density. In addition, the sensitivity of RDT and microscopy was higher in non-Saudi than in Saudi participants. Against microscopy, both RDT and PCR showed high sensitivity (83.3% vs. 97.6%), specificity (96.4% vs. 95.5%), and NPVs (98.0% vs. 99.7%), but reduced PPVs (72.9% vs. 71.9%), respectively. The results showed that the performance of the AllTest Malaria p.f./p.v RDT was better than that of microscopy in diagnosing P. falciparum malaria among febrile patients in the Jazan region when nested PCR was used as the reference. However, further studies are required to assess malaria diagnostic methods among asymptomatic individuals in the region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Rapid Diagnostic Test, Microscopy, and Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in a Low-Transmission Area, Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

2022

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“…In the following relationship, fluid viscosity values were calculated from the (Ostwald viscometer, VAPRO, Model 5520, USA) observations as in equation ( 7). (7) Where:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of this, its application still has numerous flaws malaria control measures to lower morbidity and mortality due to the difficulty in making an appropriate and accurate diagnosis for the detection of malaria parasites [6]. While there is currently no method that can be relied upon to be 100% accurate, modern technologies can reliably identify Plasmodium infections in areas where they are endemic [7]. The diagnosis is a key factor in how different strategies are used to achieve the goal [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Study of Blood Conductivity and Viscosity in Malaria

Osman

Khalifa

Mustafa

2022

PSIJ

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Malaria is the most widespread disease in Africa and developing countries which has a negative effect on everyday life and causes thousands death each year. To find new, more precise, and less expensive diagnostic methods, an increasing number of studies are needed. In order to replace the conventional method for detecting the presence of malaria parasites in human blood, the electrical conductivity and viscosity of the blood of falciparum malaria were measured. To investigate the effect of malaria on physical properties; a total of hundred blood samples were collected from Khartoum state teaching hospital, samples were subdivided into two groups, fifty from the malaria patient and other fifty from healthy people setting as control group. An Ostwald viscometer, a hematocrit centrifuge and conductivity equipment were used to measure the viscosity, hematocrit and electrical conductivity of blood respectively. In this study it was found that the mean value of hematocrit for healthy individuals was 45.7%. While in malaria patients was 27.7 %, in addition, the mean value of blood viscosity for healthy individuals was 4.4 cp, while 2.8 cp, for patients. The mean value for conductivity of whole blood in healthy individuals was 4.4 m. s, whereas it was 3.9 m.s in patients, but the mean value of serum conductivity was 4.3 in patients a m.s and 8.3 in healthy individuals. Conclusion: The results obtained in this indicated significantly changed in viscosity, hematocrit and electrical conductivity of blood due malaria parasites. These physical changes caused by Plasmodium falciparum malaria can be used as new malaria diagnostic techniques.

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“…RDTs are a common alternative to LM because they are easy to use, fast, and cost-effective. However, RDTs have limitations when detecting asymptomatic or low-density infections as well as those from parasite strains that have deletions in the genes encoding HRP2 or HRP3. , …”

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confidence: 99%

Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of Plasmodium spp. Parasites via the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a Platform

Wei

Lin

et al. 2023

ACS Infect. Dis.

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Microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smears stained with Giemsa dye is considered the primary diagnostic tool for the confirmation and management of suspected clinical malaria. However, detecting gametocytes is relatively insensitive, particularly in asymptomatic individuals with low-density Plasmodium infections. To complement existing diagnostic methods, a rapid and ultrasensitive point-of-care testing (POCT) platform for malaria detection is urgently needed and necessary. A platform based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) followed by CRISPR/Cas12a (referred to as RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a) was developed and optimized for the determination of Plasmodium spp. parasites, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, using a fluorescence-based assay (FBDA), lateral flow test strips (LFTS), or naked eye observation (NEO). Then, the established platform was assessed with clinical malaria isolates. Under optimal conditions, the detection threshold was 1 copy/μL for the plasmid, and the limit of detection was 3.11–7.27 parasites/μL for dried blood spots. There was no cross-reactivity against blood-borne pathogens. For the accuracies of RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a, Plasmodium spp. and P. falciparum testing were 98.68 and 94.74%, respectively. The method was consistent with nested PCR results and superior to the qPCR results. RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a is a rapid, ultrasensitive, and reliable platform for malaria diagnosis. The platform requires no or minimal instrumentation for nucleic acid amplification reactions and can be read with the naked eye. Compared with similar diagnostic methods, this platform improves the reaction speed while reducing detection requirements. Therefore, this platform has the potential to become a true POCT for malaria parasites.

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Current methods for the detection of Plasmodium parasite species infecting humans

Cited by 10 publications

References 52 publications

Comparison of Rapid Diagnostic Test, Microscopy, and Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in a Low-Transmission Area, Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Comparison of Rapid Diagnostic Test, Microscopy, and Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in a Low-Transmission Area, Jazan Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

The Study of Blood Conductivity and Viscosity in Malaria

Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of Plasmodium spp. Parasites via the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a Platform

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