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The aim of this research was to verify, in vitro, the effect of various porcelain surface treatments on the shear strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to porcelain and the mode of fracture after debonding. Eighty-eight samples of metallic supported feldspathic porcelain were randomly divided into four groups according to their surface preparation as follows: the porcelain was maintained intact (GI), roughened with a diamond bur (GII), etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid (GIII), or sandblasted with aluminum oxide (GIV). The specimens were treated with silane (Scothprime) and brackets were bonded with Concise. Each sample was subjected to a shear load at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min and a recording was made at the point of failure. Bond strengths, adequate to withstand the application of orthodontic forces, were achieved in all groups. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test showed no significant differences in bond strength between the groups (p>0.05). However, many more porcelain fractures occurred on deglazed porcelain. This study indicates that with the appropriate material selection, the silane/composite procedure alone may be adequate for bonding.

This work evaluated the remineralization of demineralized enamel of pits and fissures of human third molars sealed with a glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX, GC Corporation -Japan) or with a Bis-GMA sealant (DeltonDentsply). Ten volunteers participated in this in situ study that consisted of two thirty-day periods using intra-oral devices, with a week's interval in between. Four experimental treatment procedures and one control were randomly assigned to the volunteers' specimens: Group I, no treatment, control; Group II, artificial caries process; Group III, same treatment as Group II, but sealed with Delton (Dentsply); Group IV, same treatment as Group II, but sealed with Fuji IX (GC Corporation -Japan); Group V, same treatment as Group II and no sealing. Groups I and II were not submitted to the oral environment and served as controls. After a period of 30 days in the oral environment, the specimens were removed from the devices, embedded in acrylic resin, ground flat and polished. Then, Knoop hardness tests were performed, with a 25 g static load applied for 15 seconds. The measurements were made from the base of the fissure up to an opening of 600 µm, pre-established between the inclines of the cusps. Three indentations were then made, located at 25, 75, and 125 µm in depth from the outer enamel margin and 100 µm apart from each other (Micromet 2003). The Brieger F and Bonferroni's tests were applied to the measurements. It was concluded that sealing with the glass ionomer cement Fuji IX was capable of making the enamel of pits and fissures more resistant by increasing the value of Knoop hardness. DESCRIPTORS: Glass ionomer cements; Dental enamel; Hardness. RESUMO:Esta pesquisa avaliou a remineralização do esmalte de fóssulas e fissuras de terceiros molares humanos previamente desmineralizados e selados com um cimento de ionômero de vidro (Fuji IX, GC Corporation -Japão) ou com um selante de Bis-GMA (Delton-Dentsply). Dez voluntários participaram deste estudo in situ que consistiu de dois períodos de 30 dias com intervalo de 1 semana entre eles, usando dispositivos intra-orais. Quatro procedimentos de tratamento experimental e um controle foram aleatoriamente distribuídos entre os espécimes que foram usados pelos voluntários: Grupo I, sem qualquer tratamento, controle; Grupo II, processo de cárie artificial; Grupo III, igual ao Grupo II, porém selados com Delton (Dentsply); Grupo IV, igual ao Grupo II, porém selados com Fuji IX (GC Corporation -Japão); Grupo V, igual ao Grupo II, mas sem selamento. Os Grupos I e II não foram submetidos ao meio bucal e serviram de controle. Após um período de trinta dias no meio bucal, os espécimes foram removidos dos dispositivos, montados em resina acrílica, planificados e polidos. Realizaram-se então testes de Dureza Knoop com carga estática de 25 g por 15 segundos. As medidas foram realizadas desde a base da fissura até uma abertura de 600 µm, preestabelecida entre os planos inclinados das cúspides. A cada 100 µm, três penetrações foram realizadas: a primeira a 25 µm...

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The TiF4 application produces a titanium coating on enamel surface, reducing solubility in presence of cariogenic challenge. However, it is not established if this titanium also penetrates inside the enamel. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the presence of this superficial coat and titanium penetration into human sound and decayed enamel after TiF4 application. Twenty-four unerupted third molars were mesiodistally cut and divided into two groups (GA - sound and GB – artificial decayed). After a 4% TiF4 application, each sample was fractured longitudinally (occlusal-cervical). Through microprobe analysis with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), titanium penetration could be observed inside the enamel. The McNemar test (p=0.267) showed that there was no difference between the groups analyzed regarding to titanium penetration, although in group A the titanium penetrated more deeply (Wilcoxon test, p=0.047). It could be concluded that there was no difference between the groups regarding the titanium penetration, but titanium penetrated more deeply into sound enamel compared to artificially decayed enamel.

The aim of the present survey was to evaluate tubule density and diameter of dentin of first and second primary human molars and compare the two dental categories. These evaluations were done solely at the middle third of the crowns of twenty extracted noncarious teeth separated in two groups (first molars and second molars). The tubule diameters observed were 0.794μm and 1.0μm for first and second molars, respectively (measurements done at 35-65% from the pulp-chamber walls). Regarding tubular density, the measurements indicated 17,997.594 tubules/mm2 and 25,211.317 tubules/mm2 for first and second molars, respectively. Comparisons between-groups indicated that tubule diameter and density of dentin were higher in second molars, being the difference highly significant (P<0.01).

- The pH values of the external aqueous medium, relative to the roots of 41 human premolar teeth filled with Ca(OH)2 in to several vehicles, were evaluated in the present study. After root canal biomechanical preparation and smear-layer removal, the teeth were stored individually, immersed in flasks containing 800 ml of ultra-pure deionized water for a period of 118 days. A pH meter was used to analyse the pH values as a function of time. The measurements were divided into phase 1: dissolution, in which all canals remained empty and open in the absence of medicament for 48 days, and phase 2: diffusion, in which the specimens were divided into 10 groups which consisted of three control groups: group 1, water control; group 2, sealing control; and group 3, opened canal dissolution control, and seven experimental groups, with five teeth each, whose canals were filled with Ca(OH)2 paste associated with the following vehicles: group 4, saline solution; group 5, polyethylene glycol (Calen); group 6, glycerin and parachlorophenol (PMCC); group 7, PMCC; group 8, glycerin; group 9, glycerin and formo cresol (FC); and group 10, anesthetic solution. This phase lasted for 70 days. A total of 1058 measurements of the pH values were made. Regression analysis was used for statistical evaluation. The results show that all groups containing polyol in the composition of the paste had a trend to acidification in the interval between filling and 14 days later (therapeutic period) and, at the end of the experiment (1687 h to 70 days after canal filling), the pH was slightly alkaline. We conclude that polyhydroxy alcohol (glycerin and polyethylene glycol, Calen) diffusion enhances acidification of the aqueous medium.