that few behavioral intervention studies were conducted on improving adherence to ET therapy. Therefore, the purposes of this systematic review were to explore studies that examined the impact of interventions or strategies to improve ET adherence among women with BrCa, and identify studies offering insights for future researchers designing interventions to improve ET adherence. Given the known health disparities of BrCa survivors that may contribute to lack of ET adherence, 18,27,28 we additionally sought to examine whether any studies discussed adaptations or considerations aimed to target the unique needs of disparate populations. Methods Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Studies included in this review met the following criteria: original research in peer-reviewed journals, full-text available online, clearly stated descriptions of samples and methodology, human subjects, adults, and articles available in English. We focused on papers that examined strategies and approaches for improving adherence to ET among women with BrCa. We defined ET as tamoxifen and/or aromatase inhibitors, the two major classes of drugs used for hormone positive BrCa. We included studies with a broad range of designs to capture data that examined a direct relationship between adherence and any strategy that could be replicated in an intervention. For example, if a study reported modifiable factors e.g., self-efficacy, patient-provider communication)in association with adherence as an outcome, we included the study. We excluded any descriptive manuscripts which did not document strategies to improve adherence. Search Strategy.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases including cancer. AGEs are produced endogenously but can also be consumed from foods. AGE formation in food is accelerated during cooking at high temperatures. Certain high fat or highly processed foods have high AGE values. The objective of the study was to assign and quantify N Ɛ -carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)-AGE content in food and investigate the association between dietary AGE intake and breast cancer risk in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). The study included women enrolled in the intervention arm who were cancer-free at baseline and completed a baseline questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire (DQX). CML-AGE values were assigned and quantified to foods in the DQX using a published AGE database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of breast cancer among all women, and stratified by race/ethnicity, invasiveness of disease, and hormone receptor status. After a median 11.5 years of follow-up, 1,592 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Higher CML-AGE intake was associated with increased risk of breast cancer among all women (HR Q5 VS Q1 :1.30, 95% CI:1.04-1.62; P-trend: 0.04) and in non-Hispanic white women (HR T3 VS T1 : 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02-1.44). Increased CML-AGE intake was associated with increased risk of in situ (HR T3 VS T1 : 1.49, 95% CI: 1.11-2.01) and hormone receptor positive (HR T3 VS T1 : 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01-1.53) breast cancers. In conclusion, high intake of dietary AGE may contribute to increased breast cancer.circulating inflammatory biomarkers promote tumor development and progression (5). Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are complex compounds formed by the irreversible glycation of proteins or lipids with reducing sugars (6-8). The adverse biological effects of AGEs are propagated through the direct effects on tissues or activation of the receptor for AGE (RAGE), inducing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation (9-13). AGEs occur naturally in the body and are also contained in food products (6,8). Food preparation and processing can influence the formation of AGEs. High AGE levels have been observed in foods prepared using high temperatures (such as frying, grilling, or roasting) or cooked for prolonged periods of time (6,8) whereas raw fruits and vegetables generally have low AGE content (6). There is a growing body of evidence to suggest a role of AGEs in cancer development and progression (14,15). High levels of AGEs have been detected in serum of women with breast cancer compared to healthy women (16,17). Also, a differential effect of AGE on breast cancer subtypes by hormone receptor status has been hypothesized (16,18).While there is some evidence in preclinical experimental models, there is a paucity of data on dietary AGE intake in relation to breast cancer risk among human populations. We examined the association between dietary AGE intake and breast cancer risk using data from...

Among both African American and European American men diagnosed with prostate cancer, a higher Ca:Mg and whole-milk intake were associated with higher odds of high-aggressive prostate cancer. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03289130.

Background: Advanced glycation end-products (AGE) are formed through nonenzymatic glycation of free amino groups in proteins or lipid. They are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, and their accumulation in the body is implicated in chronic disease morbidity and mortality. We examined the association between postdiagnosis dietary Nϵ-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)–AGE intake and mortality among women diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods: Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) between 1993 and 1998 and followed up until death or censoring through March 2018. We included 2,023 women diagnosed with first primary invasive breast cancer during follow-up who completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) after diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of association between tertiles of postdiagnosis CML-AGE intake and mortality risk from all causes, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Results: After a median 15.1 years of follow-up, 630 deaths from all causes were reported (193 were breast cancer–related, and 129 were cardiovascular disease–related). Postdiagnosis CML-AGE intake was associated with all-cause (HRT3vsT1, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.09–1.74), breast cancer (HRT3vsT1, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.98–2.24), and cardiovascular disease (HRT3vsT1, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.09–3.32) mortality. Conclusions: Higher intake of AGEs was associated with higher risk of major causes of mortality among postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer. Impact: Our findings suggest that dietary AGEs may contribute to the risk of mortality after breast cancer diagnosis. Further prospective studies examining dietary AGEs in breast cancer outcomes and intervention studies targeting dietary AGE reduction are needed to confirm our findings.