Objective: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term intensive exercise on liver enzymes and serum lipid levels with kick boxing athletes.Methods: 23 voluntary athletes who were between the ages of 15-46 and who engaged in kick-boxing have taken place this study. Athletes were made to do 45 minutes of warming-up, breathing, and stretching and 50 minutes of technical and tactical practices and then they were made to do a training match, which is equal to a 2 minutes 3 circuits (1 minute rest) kick-box match. In venous blood samples which were taken from athletes before and after training, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamine transpeptidase (GGT), enzyme activity and total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides serum levels were analyzed via spectrophotometric method in Beckman Coulter AU 5800 auto analyzer. Body composition measurements of athletes were made with Tanita TBF 300 brand device, which works with bio-impedance analysis (BIA) system. Results:As a result of our study, statistically increases in serum ALT, AST, ALP and GGT enzyme activities and in serum total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C levels were detected following short-term intensive exercise, but no significant difference was observed in TG levels after intensive exercise. Conclusion:The blows to the abdomen during kickboxing sports competitions result in increased liver enzymes and increased serum lipids may occur to meet energy demand of the body during exercise.

KeywordsLead poisoning, humic acid substances, thyroid gland, chicken.Submitted: April/2016 Approved: August/2016 ABSTRACT Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal, which adversely affects thyroid gland function and structure. Due to its high molecular weight and abundant functional groups, humic acid substances (HAS) can form chelates with heavy metals. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic effect of HAS on thyroid hormone levels and histopathological lesions of laying hens exposed to lead (Pb) poisoning. After a week of adaptation, 192 Lohmann White laying hens (25 weeks of age) were fed one of four diets: a basal diet (BD) or the BD with HAS (0.15%), with Pb (0.3 g/kg), or with both. Experimental groups were replicated in 12 cages, with four hens each. Pb poisoning did not alter triiodothyronine (FT 3 ; 3.22 ± 0.20 ng/dL) or thyroxine (FT 4 ; 0.71 ± 0.08 ng/dL) concentrations, but caused a 167% increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration. HAS supplementation returned the high TSH levels of hens exposed to Pb poisoning to normal values. Degenerative changes in the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland of the hens exposed to Pb poisoning were evidenced. Connective tissue cells in the interfollicular area and total amount of colloids with partially atrophic follicles were observed. These histopathological findings were less severe when HAS was added to the diet. In conclusion, HAS alleviates the effects of Pb poisoning on thyroid gland function and structure, possibly preventing its internalization by the tissue by forming chelates and exerting antiinflammatory effects.

The aim of this study was to determine whether elite wrestlers in Turkey are subjected to a talent test when they begin their wrestling. A total of 425 volunteer athletes who actively wrestling in sports clubs in 51 different cities of Turkey participated in the research. A semistructured interview was used in this study which covered qualitative data collection techniques. The semi-structured interview form was developed by researchers. It was determined that no aptitude test was performed when 425 (75.52 %) of the 321 athletes wrestling actively began to wrestle in Turkey. On the other hand the talent test was evaluated to 104 (%24.48) wrestlers, 30 (28.84%) of them were evaluated in the wrestling competition, 52 (50% ) were evaluated by physical structure and 22 (21.15%) were evaluated by looking at the technical capacities of the athletes in the wrestling competition. As a result, it was understood that the majority of wrestlers haven't performed a talent test and that the talent tests which have been performed are inadequate. It is thought that the application of physical, mental, physiological and genetic tests together during the selection of talent in the wrestling sport is important in increasing the number of promising talented athletes.

The purpose of this study is to examine the acute effect of sparring training model on liver enzymes and muscle damage in boxers.14 voluntary athletes engaged in box (23.71±1.44 years of age; 167±5.89 cm; 62.05±8.89 kg) participated in the study. Sparring training model composed of warm-up (25 minutes), main part (30 minutes) and cool-down (15 minutes) exercises was applied to the boxers. The main theme of the study is composed of the free sub-stroke sparring training model in the liver region. Sparring training applied in the liver region and consisting of 3-minute time periods was repeated 3 times with a 1-minute interval as in the punch bag training. In venous blood samples taken from the study group before and after sparring training, AST, ALT and GGT enzyme activities and CK and LDH levels were analyzed with the spectrophotometric method in Beckman Coulter AU 5800 auto analyzer. Data were analyzed in SPSS 22.0 package program. The significance level was accepted as p<0.05 in statistical evaluations. Normal distribution of data was determined with Shapiro-Wilk test. Paired t-test was used in the statistical analysis of normally distributed data. Comparing AST, ALT, GGT, LDH and CK values of boxers before and after the training, it has been observed that there is a significant increase in AST, LDH and CK values after the training (p<0.05) and significant decrease in GGT values (p<0.05) while there is no significant difference in ALT values (p>0.05). In conclusion, it has been determined that sparring training model applied to boxers affects liver enzyme levels in them and significant increases occur in CK and LDH. More comprehensive prospective studies are required in order to establish the possible damage of punches to the liver region on liver in boxers.

Detection of a talented individual in sports and steering him/her to the relevant sports branch is very important for sports success. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of the Talent Identification Tests used by the coaches in wrestling on success. In this research, qualitative research technique was used. The participants of the study are 165 voluntary coaches working in youth setups, amateur clubs, professional clubs and the national team and having an average of eight years of coaching experience in 45 provinces of Turkey in seven different geographical regions. In this qualitative research, Semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. The data were obtained by the expert researchers in the related field and analysed via NVİVO. Of the 165 coaches in the present study, 106 (64.24%) were detected to perform a talent test for the athletes who just started to wrestle and 59 (35.76 %) were detected not to apply a talent test. 41 (38.68 %) of the coaches who applied talent tests to the wrestlers grounded their assessment on basic motoric characteristics of wrestlers, 36 (33.96%) physical structures and wrestling tendencies of the athletes, 19 (17.92%) on the competition observations and technical characteristics and 10 (9.43 %) on intelligence. In conclusion, it can be asserted that wrestling coaches' talent identification tests applied to athletes are effective in identification the athlete candidates who may be successful.