Four types of IVDD (disk degeneration, bulging of the intervertebral disk, disk protrusion, and disk extrusion) were identified on the basis of MRI findings in dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD. We recommend that a standardized nomenclature be adopted for the various types of thoracolumbar IVDD in dogs.
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, histological appearances and surgical outcomes of 18 dogs and one cat with spinal tumors are presented. Medical records of the cases admitted for spinal disorders were reviewed, and cases of spinal tumors that were diagnosed by MRI and confirmed by histological examination were included in this study. T1 weighted, T2 weighted and contrast enhanced T1 weighted images were taken and interpreted to evaluate the spinal tumors. The tumors were diagnosed as: meningioma (n = 6), ependymoma (n = 1), nerve sheath tumor (n = 4), metastatic spinal tumor (n = 3), osteosarcoma (n = 2), osteoma (n = 1), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 1), and nephroblastoma (n = 1). Thirteen cases underwent surgical operation and the remaining six cases were euthanized at the request of the owners. The neurological status of the surgical cases did not deteriorate, except for one dog that showed ependymoma in the early period after the operation. These results indicate the potential for surgical gross total tumor removal of vertebral tumors to provide better quality of life and surgical collection of histological specimens for definitive diagnosis. For effective case management, dedicated MRI examination is important to accurate evaluation of the spinal tumors, and surgical treatment is useful for extradural and intradural-extramedullary spinal tumors.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of percutaneous transplanted
autologous neurogenically-induced bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (NIBM-MSCs)
in paraplegic dogs without deep pain perception (DPP) secondary to external spinal trauma.
Thirteen client owned dogs that had failed in improvement neurologically at least 42 days
after conservative management, decompression and decompression-stabilization were included
in the study. Each dog received two doses of autologous 5.0 × 106 NIBM-MSCs
suspension, which were positive to 2′,3′-Cyclic-nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase)
and Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), as well as to Glial fibrillary acidic
protein (GFAP) and beta III tubulin. The cells were injected into the spinal cord through
the hemilaminectomy or laminectomy defects percutaneously with 21 days interval for 2
times. The results were evaluated using Texas Spinal Cord Injury Scale (TSCIS),
somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and motor evoked potentials (MEP) at the admission
time, cell transplantation procedures and during 2, 5, 7 and 12th months after the second
cell transplantation. Improvement after cell transplantation in gait, nociception,
proprioception, SEP and MEP results was observed in just 2 cases, and only gait score
improvement was seen in 6 cases, and no improvement was recorded in 5 cases. All
progresses were observed until 2nd month after the second cell transplantation, however,
there was no improvement after this period. In conclusion, percutaneous transplantation of
autologous NIBM-MSCs is a promising candidate modality for cases with spinal cord injury
after spinal trauma and poor prognosis.
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