Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 16-Jun-2015 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English -Or. English ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT FINANCE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN OECD AND G20 COUNTRIES ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT WORKING PAPERS No. 1223 By Boris Cournède and Oliver Denk OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s).

The OECD Economic Policy Paper Series is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.Earlier versions of this paper were discussed at the Working Party No. 1 of the OECD Economic Policy Committee, the OECD Economic Policy Committee, the OECD Committee on Financial Markets and seminars of the New Approaches to Economic Challenges initiative and the OECD Economic Development and Review Committee. The authors would like to thank the participants for their feedback. They are also indebted to

Complete document available on OLIS in its original formatThis document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 42 Unclassified English -Or. English 42 2 OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s).Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works.

ABSTRACT.Purpose: Monoamine receptors are found throughout the body. Reports about the presence of monoamine receptors in the human cornea are inconsistent. Methods: Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting were used to localize monoamine receptor sites on human corneal epithelium and endothelium. Results: Antibodies to alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors and to D1-like and 5HT-7 receptors were bound in corneal epithelium. Antibodies to alpha-1, alpha-2A, beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors and to 5HT-7 receptors were bound in corneal endothelium.Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the presence of several monoamine receptors in the human cornea. These receptors may play a role in the regulation of fluid transport or corneal homeostasis.

Poor adherence to recommended therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF) is often because of the time demands of therapy. Tobramycin (TOBI®, 300 mg at 60 mg/ml) inhaled from the PARI LC PLUS® nebulizer requires about 20 min. This study determined if equivalent levels of pulmonary deposition could be achieved in shorter time using 1.5 ml of 100 mg/ml tobramycin solution delivered by an investigational eFlow® nebulizer. Sixteen males with stable CF, 8 children and 8 adults, and an FEV(1) > 45% predicted inhaled both preparations on two occasions with (99m) Tc-DTPA added to the tobramycin. Blood samples were taken for quantification of tobramycin in the serum. The PARI LC PLUS® delivered 45.4 (39.3-51.6), mean and 95% CI, mg to the lungs in 17.0 ± 2.5 min (mean ± SD) with serum levels of 1,089 ± 388 µg/L. The investigational eFlow® delivered 46.3(40.3-51.7) mg in 4.0 ± 1.0 min with blood levels of 909 ± 458 µg/L. Only the time of delivery was significantly different with P < 0.0001 (paired t-test). Tolerability of the treatment was comparable for both inhalation regimes, but the shorter treatment was preferred by all patients. These results demonstrate the possibility of delivering equivalent levels of tobramycin much faster into the lungs of CF patients when using eFlow®, a very efficient electronic nebulizer.