Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation is an effective and safe method not only in the treatment of refractive glaucoma, but also as a primary surgical procedure in primary open-angle and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. TDLC may be used more widely in glaucoma therapy, although further long-term studies have to confirm these findings.
ABSTRACT.Purpose: Monoamine receptors are found throughout the body. Reports about the presence of monoamine receptors in the human cornea are inconsistent. Methods: Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting were used to localize monoamine receptor sites on human corneal epithelium and endothelium. Results: Antibodies to alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors and to D1-like and 5HT-7 receptors were bound in corneal epithelium. Antibodies to alpha-1, alpha-2A, beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors and to 5HT-7 receptors were bound in corneal endothelium.Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the presence of several monoamine receptors in the human cornea. These receptors may play a role in the regulation of fluid transport or corneal homeostasis.
Purpose: The G-protein-coupled receptor/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway is one of the most common and versatile signal pathways in eukaryotic cells. The aim of this study was to characterize subtypes of adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptors and their influence on cAMP concentration and PKA activity in bovine corneal epithelial and endothelial cells. Procedures: Adrenergic receptors and PKA were studied using polyclonal antibodies. cAMP concentration was determined with an enzyme immunoassay, and PKA activity was estimated by the kinases consumption of adenosine triphosphate. Results: In bovine corneal epithelial and endothelial cells, immunocytochemistry and Western blot were positive for α1-, α2A-, β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of corneal epithelial and endothelial β-adrenoceptors with isoprenaline led to a dose-dependent increase in cAMP concentration and activation of PKA. Stimulation of corneal α2A-adrenoceptors with brimonidine resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cAMP concentration and the inhibition of PKA activity. Conclusions: In corneal epithelial and endothelial cells, β-adrenergic stimulation leads to activation of PKA via stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, and α2A-adrenoceptor stimulation inhibits PKA activity via inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Stimulation and inhibition of the corneal cAMP-PKA pathway may play a role in important corneal functions such as wound healing or homeostasis. Long-term therapy with α2A-agonists or β-antagonists may influence these functions in a currently unknown way.
Our studies indicate the presence of M2, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in human corneal epithelium and endothelium. These receptors may play a role in the regulation of corneal homeostasis, other functions, like wound healing, or the pathogenesis of corneal diseases.
In the case presented here, topical and intracameral application of amphotericin B was sufficient and safe in the therapy for C. glabrata endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty. Although typically the intraocular infection is first noticed within the first 2 weeks, a hyperacute onset has to be considered.
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