Статья посвящена изучению эколого-экономических процессов на водосборе Белого моря. Рассматривалось развитие экономики в пяти регионах, входящих в водосбор (Мурманская, Архангельская, Вологодская области, Республики Карелия и Республики Коми), анализировалась структура экономики и степень ее влияния на окружающую среду. Была собрана информация по регионам в целом и муниципальным образованиям. Строились графики экономических и экологических показателей, изучалась их взаимосвязь. Были построены экономические и экологические карты водосбора Белого моря. Было показано, что в целом экономическое развитие водосбора Белого моря происходит медленнее, чем РФ в целом. На основе анализа графиков и карт были построены модели, позволившие оценить влияние развития экономики регионов на окружающую среду. Изменение экономической политики определяло эколого-экономические процессы, на графиках выделяются три периода-1990-1998, 1999-2008 и 2009-2016 гг., когда меняется вид зависимости экологических показателей от экономических. В первом периоде спад экономики определял динамику экологических показателей, наилучшие характеристики оказались у однофакторного уравнения. Во втором периоде влияние роста экономики компенсировалось вложениями в модернизацию экономики
Observations indicate that global warming may be currently taking place, which has accelerated markedly since the 1970s. Research on the implications of climate change has shown that the greatest effect is to be expected in the following sectors of the regional economy: agriculture, transport infrastructure, utilization of coastal resources, energy, forestry, tourism, fish industry and water. Studies for Russia, which is overall a relatively cold country, showed that climate change has a direct effect on production in agriculture and it may be either positive or negative in different regions of the country. To assess the effect of climate change on agriculture in European Russia we distinguished climatic zones with similar temperature and precipitation values. Several models of the dynamics of agricultural production and yield depending on climatic characteristics, farming practices and socio-economic characteristics were built. As a result, the positive impact of climate change on crop yields in Russia has found only partial confirmation. A greater effect can be manifested by increasing the level of management and transition to modern technologies, and gradual shift to the north of grown crops. This will accordingly require increased investment in agricultural science to implement new projects in line with the changing external environment.
The article presents the regional experience of creation and distribution of innovative educational resources for the organization of educational processes in educational organizations on the principles of inter-level networking. Over the past 10 years, the regional conditions of computerization of the educational environment in the Russian system of education have changed significantly: the number of computers, electronic boards, the quality of high-speed Internet increased. All this made it possible to use computer and mobile devices, electronic educational content in order to improve the quality and individualization of education even in remote rural areas. However these resources looked incomplete or less attractive than commercial educational platforms or social networks. The development of innovative infrastructure in the field of education and the emergence of regional innovative educational platforms in 2015 contributed to the identification and integration of modern, useful, successful practices of educational organizations in the development and implementation of electronic educational resources on the digital network platform. The study of this experience allows us to analyze the readiness of the regional education sector to solve the tasks set in the framework of the priority project "Modern digital educational environment in Russia" for the period up to 2024.
Economic development due to the increased production and consumption growth has a negative impact on the environment. It is possible to estimate and analyze the environmental changes by creating economic models that reveal the effect of different factors on the balance of natural environment. The approach proposed in the current article is based on calculating the functions of pollution, which allows analyzing different ways of investment distribution, estimating the impact of the economy structure change, and considering the dynamics of investments and costs of environmental protection. The article also examines the correlation between environmental and economic indicators of the development of different regions in Russia, builds models describing the correlation, defines the groups of regions with similar environmental and economic characteristics and proposes calculations. The authors demonstrate that the development of 3 groups of regions is described by the environmental Kuznets curve with different parameters, and specify the values of the gross regional product per capita when the emissions may start decreasing. For each of the four determined groups of regions of Russia the factors influencing the emission of pollutants in the atmosphere are revealed. Russian regions vary significantly depending on their level of social and economic development, and hence it is important to estimate how the differences influence on the type and on the parameters of the applied models, and therefore on the environmental and economic processes. The study makes it possible to conclude that improvement in the environmental situation is connected with investments into economy modernization, in developing new sectors of economy and in protecting the atmosphere. The obtained results will facilitate getting more precise forecasts of environmental and economic processes and regional development strategies.
Статья поступила в редакцию 2 апреля 2019 г. Рассматривается развитие северных территорий, анализируются динамика развития экономики и изменение ее структуры в последние три десятилетия. Отмечена определяющая роль научной и инновационной деятельности, способствовавшей росту эффективности экономики Швеции и Финляндии после их вступления в Европейский союз. Показано, что в Российской Федерации в начальной стадии реформ северные регионы имели определенные преимущества, но на стадии роста их преимущества стали недостатками. Обнаружено, что активизация межрегиональных связей приводит к росту в северных регионах продукции производителей из центральных и южных регионов, а фирм, выпускающих продукцию на основе разработок научных центров, университетов и отдельных новаторов, мало, их поддержка со стороны региональных властей малоэффективна. Для изменения ситуации необходимо способствовать развитию северных университетов и их ориентации на развивающиеся в регионе отрасли и нематериалоемкие сектора, позволяющие создавать инновационные фирмы, работающие на внешние по отношению к региону рынки.
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