The current dominant model of HIV prevention intervention dissemination involves packaging interventions developed in one context, training providers to implement that specific intervention, and evaluating the extent to which providers implement it with fidelity. Research shows that providers rarely implement these programs with fidelity due to perceived incompatibility, resource constraints, and preference for locally generated solutions. In this study, we used the concept of “common factors,” or broad constructs shared by most evidence-based HIV prevention interventions, to train service providers to develop their own programs. We recruited eight Ukrainian HIV prevention organizations from regions with HIV epidemics concentrated among people who inject drugs. We trained staff to identify HIV risk behaviors and determinants, construct behavior change logic models, and develop and manualize an intervention. We systematically reviewed each manual to assess intervention format and content and determine whether the program met intervention criteria as taught during training. All agencies developed programs that reflected common factors of effective behavior change HIV prevention interventions. Each agency’s program targeted a unique population that reflected local HIV epidemiology. All programs incorporated diverse pedagogical strategies that focused on skill-building, goal-setting, communication, and empowerment. Agencies struggled to limit information dissemination and the overall scope and length of their programs. We conclude that training service providers to develop their own programs based on common elements of effective behavior change interventions can potentially transform existing processes of program development, implementation, and capacity building. Expanding this model will require committed training and support resources.

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A complex study of the peripheral erythron component was performed during methemoglobinemias induced by single administration of sodium nitrate and phenylhydrazine in LD50. Administration of methemoglobin-forming agents to rats induced the development of hemolytic anemia. The pathogenesis of this disorder included significant long-term modifications of the erythrocyte membrane. The severity and duration of anemia syndrome depended on chemical structure of xenobiotics, blood methemoglobin level, and the duration of the acute period of methemoglobinemia.

BackgroundUkraine has one of the most severe HIV epidemics in Eastern Europe, with an estimated 1.6% of the adult population living with the virus. Injection drug use accounts for 36% of new HIV cases. Nongovernmental organizations in Ukraine have little experience with effective, theory-based behavioral risk reduction interventions necessary to reduce the scope of the HIV epidemic among Ukrainians who inject drugs. This study seeks to promote the use of evidence-based HIV prevention strategies among Ukrainian organizations working with drug users.Methods/designThis study combines qualitative and quantitative methods to explore a model of HIV prevention intervention development and implementation that disseminates common factors of effective behavioral risk reduction interventions and enables service providers to develop programs that reflect their specific organizational contexts. Eight agencies, located in regions of Ukraine with the highest HIV and drug use rates and selected to represent key organizational context criteria (e.g., agency size, target population, experience with HIV prevention), will be taught common factors as the basis for intervention development. We will use qualitative methods, including interviews and observations, to document the process of intervention development and implementation at each agency. Using risk assessments with intervention participants, we will also assess intervention effectiveness.The primary outcome analyses will determine the extent to which agencies develop and implement an intervention for drug users that incorporates common factors of effective behavioral interventions. Effectiveness analyses will be conducted, and effect size of each intervention will be compared to that of published HIV prevention interventions for drug users with demonstrated effectiveness. This study will explore the role of organizational context on intervention development and implementation, including resource allocation decisions, problem-solving around intervention development, and barriers and facilitators to inclusion of common factors and delivery of a high quality intervention.DiscussionThis innovative approach to HIV prevention science dissemination and intervention development draws on providers’ ability to quickly develop innovative programs and reach populations in greatest need of services. It has the potential to enhance providers’ ability to use HIV prevention science to develop sustainable interventions in response to a rapidly changing epidemic.

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Ассоциация искусствоведов (г. Москва) нАтЮрмОрт В тВОрчестВе П.В. КузнеЦОВА (1878-1968) Аннотация. Павел Варфоломеевич Кузнецов (1878-1968)-это один из интереснейших и самобытных русских художников XX века. Его творчество разворачивалось в сложных условиях времени, насыщенного эстетическими сломами и трагическими переживаниями. Лирическая природа дарования сделала его одним из лидеров символистов московской школы, связанной в истории живописи со знаменитой выставкой 1907 года: «Голубая роза» [2; с.1]. Постоянные поиски идеального пространства, наполненного гармониями художественных ритмов, были характерны для мистических фонтанов 1900-х годов, степных сюит 1910-х годов, динамичных пейзажей 1920-1930-х годов, а также для театральных эскизов, декоративных панно и музыкальных натюрмортов, которые станут одним из ведущих жанров творчества П.В. Кузнецова. Ключевые слова: творчество П.В. Кузнецова, профессиональная рисовальная школа, рисунок и живопись, портрет, техника майолики, сценография, картины и этюды, выставки, лирический пейзаж, ранние символистские произведения, натюрморт, масляная живопись. filippova Olga Association of Art Critics (Moscow) still-life in the creAtive wOrK Of P.v. KuznetsOv (1878-1968) summary. Pavel Kuznetsov (1878-1968) is one of the most interesting and original Russian artists of the XX century. His work unfolded in difficult conditions of time, full of aesthetic fractures and tragic experiences. The lyrical nature of the talent made him one of the leaders of the symbolists of the Moscow school, associated in the history of painting with the famous exhibition of 1907: "Blue rose». The constant search for an ideal space filled with harmonies of artistic rhythms was characteristic of mystical fountains of the 1900-ies, steppe suites of the 1910-ies, dynamic landscapes of the 1920-ies-1930-ies, as well as for theatrical sketches, decorative panels and musical still-lifes, which will become one of the leading genres of P.V. Kuznetsov's creativity. It is in the still-lifes of each creative period that the development of stylistic features of his painting is easily traced. Such as, in many works of the early period of time (as an example: "Bukhara still-life", 1913) was used compositional technique-a comparison of decorative, solved foreground with constructively solved distant: material credibility of objects still-life group and some vibrating instability, ghostly, as it were, dissolving in the solar haze of architectural structures of the background. The unclosed composition is perceived as part of an infinite space-dynamic, saturated with air and light, life itself, illuminating and spiritualizing the foreground objects, and each of them becomes an integral part of this life, and its symbol. Another feature of P.V. Kuznetsov's still-lifes was also determined in this early, "Eastern" period-he takes for his compositions objects in which one way or another reflects the spiritual life of man, their Creator. These are ancient porcelain, paintings, engravings, painted trays, embroidered suzani, ...

This article analyzes interviews with women who use drugs in Ukraine to understand the care conundrum they face as members of a stigmatized group. In the interviews, the women sought to position themselves as deserving and needing care as members of a vulnerable category—sometimes as women who use drugs or people living with HIV, but also as mothers—yet also themselves capable of providing care for others. We examine how women who use drugs in Ukraine navigate a moral economy of care involving judgments about deservedness and social worth, the obligatory nature of care, and expectations for reciprocity. For programs for women who use drugs to be successful, they must acknowledge and engage with the moral economies of care in which these women operate. We offer recommendations for how health and social service providers can better meet the unique needs of women who use drugs.