Abstract-This article is aimed at investigation of the principle of "understanding" within linguistic reflection. Understanding is connected with interpretation of the context and knowledge of the interpreter, which is socially determined. Expediency of the discourse approach to studying the principle of text "understanding" is set and peculiarities of understanding in different types of discourse are shown. It is established that the cognition refers to psychic phenomenon and represents a method of social and humanitarian understanding and an integral component of social life, practical skill connected with social life. Understanding discourse is based on two constituent partstext's properties and specifics of linguistic personality. Understanding is also viewed from the point of view of its fullness (complete understanding and incomplete understanding). In the article, factors determining the possibility and effectiveness of speech influence are revealed: linguistic and extralinguistic (semiotic, social, cognitive, psychological) factors.
The article deals with the characteristics of religious discourse and peculiarities of religious consciousness; it is noted that religion and religious consciousness influence many constituents of culture and as a result of such influence religious philosophy, religious morality, religious art arise. Religious principle forms the basis of any culture. Main features and levels of religious consciousness realization are considered in the article. A large number of lexical units having religious origin and functioning in the language are evidence of the impact of religion on the culture formation. The impact of religion on the formation of culture is also manifested in common features of the normative base of a particular religion and culture in which it functions and the basis of which it forms.
Questions of globalization process which influence various aspects of human life are considered in the article. Destruction of cultures and cultural values act as a result of this process. Destruction of family values is an important problem in the modern world. Religion presents a restraining mechanism of such destruction. Islam turned out to be the strongest in the ability to confront new tendencies which allowed to preserve and strengthen the family institute in Muslim countries. Christianity couldn't totally avoid the process of destruction of family values (in spite of some recent attempts to improve traditional institute of the family). Buddhism does not pay particular attention to the institute of the family and corrects ethical and moral behavior of a person through other religious mechanisms.
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The article is devoted to the peculiarities of communication in modern society. The following spheres of a religious discourse functioning are defined: communication in church, communication in small religious groups, communication of the person with God. Besides, each religion has its system of values. The system of values of each religion is not a stable phenomenon and can change with the change of society. Communication in a multi-religious society has some peculiarities. In order to overcome difficulties during communication in multi-religious space of modern society, it is important to know and consider the values of people professing this religion.
Монография посвящена рассмотрению взаимозависимости и закономерностей развития религиозного и мистического сознания. Исследуется картина мира, формируемая в рамках мистического и религиозного сознания, основные ценностные ориентиры в рамках выстраиваемых картин мира, а также типажи, характерные для каждого из рассматриваемых типов сознания. Рекомендуется студентам, магистрантам, аспирантам и специалистам в области лингвосемиотики, лингвокультурологии, когнитивной и аксиологической лингвистики, теории лингвокультурных типажей.
The article considers dynamics and carries out comparison of significant valuable guidelines of Christianity and Buddhism which form the basis of theological conceptions if these world religions and demonstrate ideological and moral priorities of people professing these religions. The issues under consideration are of relevance as the problem considered in the article and reacquired results of the survey reveal the difference in the mentality of people confessing definite religion and as a result can remove difficulties arising in the process of communication of people sharing different religious views. The aim of the carried investigation is to identify values forming the basis of the two of the world’s principal religions. To determine causes and main directions of historical dynamics of the pointed values as well as influence of the values of a certain religion on the society’s functioning. In the process of conducting research the following methods were used: semantic and content analysis method, conceptual analysis and discourse analysis. The study showed that the following values can be referred to traditional Christian values: faith, good (kindness), love, mercy, modesty, forgiveness, purity of morals, God. At the present stage of social development Christian values have undergone changes, and at present such values as life, truth, and good have come to the fore. Besides, modern Christianity refers to values such notions as patriotism, freedom and family values. Buddhism historically refers to the category of values the guidelines determining foundations of human life: correct views, correct intentions, correct speech, correct behavior, correct lifestyle, correct efforts, correct attention. At the present stage of social development modified values of Buddhism come to the forefront: cleansing the mind and developing wisdom, compassion, the law of karma and rebirth. In modern Buddhism, values present complex concepts implying that a person has particular moral qualities. The results of the study showed that Christian values have been kept unchanged, while values of Buddhism have been subject to changes under the influence of changing historical conditions.
Any type of discourse, along with its characteristic concepts, operates with its own values. The basis of religious discourse form universal values providing moral guidelines that represent a standard for people of different cultures and eras, which are associated with the ideals of justice and are timeless. Among the universal are cultural, social and moral values. The bulk of religious values form cultural ones in any modern society. Religious beliefs form inner culture of a person. Some religious values can be referred as social and include: meaningful (meaning of life, happiness), universal (life, health), values of interpersonal communication (benevolence), values of public recognition (hard work), democratic values (freedom of speech). In modern society among religious, social and moral (mercy, compassion) values can be distinguished. Religious values can be found within each subgroup of universal human values. The article interprets phenomenon of suffering in modern society, which is an integral component of any world religion and forms the category of value in Christianity. The analysis of suffering in the article was carried out along with the analysis of religious discourse - a special type of institutional communication that combines features of institutional-oriented and personal-oriented phenomenon. The article shows reasons for the occurrence and existence of suffering in any modern society, as well as approaches that exist in various religious systems (Christianity, Islam and Buddhism) to interpreting suffering, attitude to it, need and possibility to overcome it as well as linguistic means to express phenomenon of suffering in world religions.
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