Several strategies have been proposed to improve diabetes mellitus (DM) complications, because early treatment and prevention play a pivotal role in reducing the population burden of this disease. The benefits of pharmaceutical agents for treating the disease have long been recommended, but medications may have unwanted side effects. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the potential effects of Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extract (GLE) intervention in modulating the hyperglycemia, serum lipids profile and serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activities, and haemostatic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-six male adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into equal six groups. Group 1: Normal control, normal rats feed with basal diet (BD); Group 2: Model control, diabetic rats feed with BD without intervention; Groups 3-6: GLE, diabetic rats with BD, intervention groups utilizing GLE of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg bw by oral gavages for 28 consecutive days. Type 2 diabetic rats were obtained by Streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Treatment of rats with streptozotocin caused a significant increased (p≤0.05) in serum glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations by the ratio of 200.13, 554.05, 71.97 and 30.62% compared to normal controls, respectively. The opposite direction was recorded for the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase/arylesterase activities which decreased by the ratio of -57.95%, -50.81 and -41.32% compared to normal controls, respectively. Additionally, haemostatic effects (bleeding and clotting times) were increased in different periods of times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). GLE intervention greatly ameliorated the hyperglycemia, serum lipid profiles, ROS and haemostatic effects in diabetic rats. The rate of amelioration(s) was exhibited a dose-dependent increase with GLE intervention. In conclusion, data of this study provided a basis for the use of GLE for the prevention and/or treatment of type-2 Diabetes mellitus complications such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and blood bleeding.

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A mONG microbial enzymes, chitinases received increased attentions due to their wide applications especially in agriculture sector for biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens. The growing interest in chitinases with thermostability nature, forced many researchers to isolate and characterize novel chitinase producing-bacteriafrom extreme environments. The present study describe characterization of thermostable chitinase produced by thermophilic soilisolated bacterial strain NBR10 from Rafha governorate, Saudi Arabia. Chitinase producing NBR10 strain was identified as Paenibacillus sp. according to the traditional methods of morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics coupling with sequencing of 16S rRNA (GenBank accession number KT957624.1). The isolated strain was found to have a potent antifungal against three of the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria burnsii and Rhizoctonia solani with percent of growth inhibition 52.5 75.0 and 85.71%, respectively. Chitinase obtained from Paenibacillus sp. NBR10 showed activity at ranges of temperature (30-90°C) and pH (4-9), showing optimum activity at 55°C and pH 7.0, respectively. Also, it exhibited high thermostability at higher temperatures, where 90% of its activity is retained at 65°C for 36h. The promising chitinolytic and antifungal activity of locally isolated Paenibacillus sp. NBR10, candidate this strain to be used as a potential biological control agent.

Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) is well known for its innumerable health benefits and nutritional values. Therefore, the present work aimed to determine the total phenolic content in five date palm fruit varieties, Barhi, Barni Al Madina, Khesab, Sukkary and Ajwa, collected from different regions of Saudi Arabia , extracted with aqueous method and to evaluate in vitro their antioxidative properties by DPPH • method. Consequently, the total polyphenol contents of these extracts will be measured using Folin Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. Total phenolic content ranged from 57.8 and 55.2 mg of gallic acid equivalent /30 g fresh wt. and the antioxidant activity was ranging from a low value of 29.2 in Sukkary cultivar to a high value of 31.8 in Barni Al Madina cultivar. Also the best carrier for encapsulation of date Palme extracts is CMC comparing with alginate and carrageenan.

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Camel milk (CM) has antimicrobial properties, and used for treatment of liver diseases in folk medicine. This study aimed to find out the effect of camel milk alone or mixed with Nigella sativa (NS) oil on outcomes of viral hepatitis among children. Thirty eight (15 girl and 23 boy) child diagnosed with viral hepatitis (6–12 years) were selected from outpatients of Menoufia University and Monshaat Sultan hospitals, Egypt. The children divided into 4 groups; control group (PCG) (n=8) didn't receive any intervention; CM group (MPG) (n=10) received 100ml/day CM; NS oil group (OG) (n=10) received 2ml/day NS oil; and CM plus NS oil group (MOG) (n=10) received 100 ml CM plus 2 ml NS oil daily. The children were received their standard medications and regular diet without modification, and the trial continued for 5 weeks. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after intervention for determination of IgG, IgM, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin. The results showed that feeding CM alone decreased IgM by 34.5% and increased IgG by 84.3%, while mixing it with NS oil resulted in decrement of IgM by 47.1% and increment of IgG by 91.7%. Meanwhile, NS oil decreased IgM by 64.8% and increased IgG by 72.7%. The concentration of elevated liver enzymes decreased significantly by the dietary intervention, especially among group fed CM alone or mixed with NS oil. In conclusion, feeding camel milk alone or mixed with NS oil had a favorable affect on viral hepatitis markers among children with viral hepatitis.Support or Funding InformationNo fund

Background: Coffee is the most preferred morning beverage throughout the world due to its pleasant flavor and stimulating properties. It contains a multipart combination of chemicals constituents, which associated with health benefits. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia there are many types of coffee in the local markets with different characteristics. Aims: The present study was designed to identify the total phenolic contents, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities for three of the most commonly consumed coffee brews; Intenso (Arabica), Reebass (Turkish) and Lavazza (Brazilian) purchased from some local markets at the Northern region in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Study Design: It was an in-vitro study. Methodology: The purchased coffee types were extracted using the boiling water method. Determination of total phenolic content of the obtained extracts was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Measurement of antimicrobial activity was determined by disk diffusion method against number of microbial test strains. The obtained data were statistically analyzed and results with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The obtained results showed that, the estimated phenolic contents were arranged as 745.50 ± 10.5, 668.86 ± 11.2 & 651.25 ± 13.0 mg/g of gallic acid/1 g of coffee for Lavazza (Brazilian), Reebass (Turkish) & Intenso (Arabica) respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher 78.83% for Turkish coffee than Arabica 71.59% and Brazilian 65.90% types. Regarding antimicrobial activity; Arabica coffee extract was the highest antimicrobial activity compared to the other two extracts of both Turkish and Brazilian types where the mean diameter of inhibition zone for three coffee types were ranged from 11.0 ± 0.15 to 16.0 ± 0.40; 9.0 ± 0.25 to 11.0 ± 0.10 and 9.5 ± 0.10 to 13.0 ± 0.50 mm for Arabica, Turkish and Brazilian coffee extracts respectively. Conclusion: The present study concludes that coffee types under investigation showed high phenolic content and strong antioxidant activity as well as promising antimicrobial activity.

Immune deficiency is the term for any several disorders in which the immune system loses some or all of its capacity to resist infectious illness. In some instances, immunological deficiency might impair the body's capacity to carry out its normal role of combating cancer-causing cells. This research objects to study the some chemical parameters of dried date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera L.) El-Hayani cultivar and its effect on biological and biochemical parameters of male albino rats treated with sandimmune syrup as immunity inhibitor. In addition to chemical ingredients, mineral content, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids, the chemical compounds of dried Palm pollen were also studied. Thirty male albino rats their weight was 180± 10 g. were allocated into 5 groups. The first was negative control (-), the second group was rates treated with 5mg of sandimmune syrup for 7 days to inhibit the immunity. Groups 3,4 and 5 were treated with the same inhibitor and received 100,150 and 200 g/kgbw dried date palm pollen, respectively. At the end of the experiment (28 d), their weight ,feed intake , FER and some organs weight were calculated. Also, blood specimens were taken for analysis of serum glucose, lipids profile and liver enzymes, immunoglobulin production, interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factors, antioxidants activity compounds, white blood cell and lymphocytes. Results showed that dried date pollen (DDP) had high protein, vital minerals as calcium and iron, total polyphenols and flavonoids components. Also, it had significantly positive effect on the tested biochemical parameters as serum glucose ,Lipids profile, liver functions and immunity response especially at the level 200g/kgbw. Therefore, the dried date palm pollen 200g/kgbw followed by 150 g/kgbw in the diet are more effective compared with controlling immunity deficiency. Infectious patients are encouraged to consume date palm pollen, which is regarded an immunity-boosting meal.